Menelusuri Perkembangan, Kondisi Terkini, dan Prospek Masa Depan Pengujian DNA dalam Aplikasi Forensik Manusia dan Non-Manusia: Tinjauan Naratif
Bilah Samping Artikel
Isi Artikel Utama
Page: 446-461
Abstrak
Pengujian DNA telah menjadi landasan utama ilmu forensik modern, secara signifikan mempengaruhi penyelidikan kriminal, identifikasi forensik manusia, dan aplikasi forensik non-manusia. Sejak diperkenalkan pada pertengahan 1980-an, analisis DNA forensik telah berkembang dari metode berbasis polimorfisme panjang fragmen restriksi (RFLP) menjadi profilasi pengulangan tandem pendek (STR) berbasis reaksi rantai polimerase (PCR), dan lebih baru lagi ke pendekatan berbasis urutan yang didukung oleh sekuensing paralel massal, yang menghasilkan peningkatan signifikan dalam sensitivitas analitis, ketahanan, dan daya diskriminasi. Ulasan naratif ini bertujuan untuk melacak perkembangan historis, mengkaji kondisi terkini, dan menjelajahi arah masa depan pengujian DNA dalam konteks forensik manusia dan non-manusia, dengan penekanan khusus pada studi kasus empiris dari Asia. Metodologi tinjauan naratif diterapkan melalui analisis komprehensif literatur yang telah direview oleh rekan sejawat yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2015 dan 2026, yang bersumber dari basis data ilmiah utama termasuk Google Scholar, PubMed, dan ScienceDirect, dengan studi yang dipilih berdasarkan relevansi forensik, ketelitian metodologis, dan signifikansi regional. Tinjauan ini menyoroti penerapan luas pengujian DNA dalam kasus kriminal rutin, identifikasi korban bencana, penyelidikan orang hilang, kejahatan satwa liar, deteksi penipuan makanan, dan keamanan biologis, sambil juga mendokumentasikan teknologi baru seperti sistem DNA portabel dan deteksi berbasis CRISPR. Meskipun ada kemajuan ini, tantangan signifikan tetap ada terkait interpretasi data, persyaratan validasi, pengendalian kontaminasi, tata kelola etika dan hukum, serta kapasitas forensik yang tidak merata di berbagai wilayah. Secara keseluruhan, tinjauan ini menyoroti evolusi berkelanjutan dari pengujian DNA forensik dan menekankan pentingnya protokol standar, kolaborasi interdisipliner, dan validasi spesifik wilayah untuk memastikan penerapan yang andal dan bertanggung jawab dari bukti DNA dalam ilmu forensik modern.
Unduhan
Rincian Artikel
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Referensi
Butler JM. The future of forensic DNA analysis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2015;370:20140252. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0252
Gill P, Hicks T, Butler JM, Connolly E, Gusmão L, Kokshoorn B, et al. DNA commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics: Assessing the value of forensic biological evidence - Guidelines highlighting the importance of propositions. Part II: Evaluation of biological traces considering activity level propositions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020;44:102186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102186
Ballard D, Winkler-Galicki J, Wesoły J. Massive parallel sequencing in forensics: advantages, issues, technicalities, and prospects. Int J Legal Med 2020;134:1291–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02294-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02294-0
Browne TN, Freeman M. Next generation sequencing: Forensic applications and policy considerations. WIREs Forensic Science 2024;6. https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1531
Bredemeyer S, Roewer L, Willuweit S. Next Generation Sequencing of Y-STRs in Father-Son Pairs and Comparison with Traditional Capillary Electrophoresis. Forensic Sci Res 2022;7:484–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1898078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1898078
Tillmar AO, Kling D, Butler JM, Parson W, Prinz M, Schneider PM, et al. DNA Commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG): Guidelines on the use of X-STRs in kinship analysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017;29:269–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.05.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.05.005
Linacre, A. Animal Forensic Genetics. Genes (Basel) 2021;12:515. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12040515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12040515
Ogden R, Linacre A. Wildlife forensic science: A review of genetic geographic origin assignment. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015;18:152–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.008
Chen JS, Ma E, Harrington LB, Da Costa M, Tian X, Palefsky JM, et al. CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science (1979) 2018;360:436–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6245
Sobral AF, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Barbosa DJ. CRISPR-Cas technology in forensic investigations: Principles, applications, and ethical considerations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2025;74:103163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2024.103163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2024.103163
Silva DSBS, Scheible MK, Bailey SF, Williams CL, Allwood JS, Just RS, et al. Sequence-based autosomal STR characterization in four US populations using PowerSeqTM Auto/Y system. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020;48:102311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102311
Zhai W, Zhang N, Hua F. The development of forensic science standards in China. Forensic Sci Int 2020;2:187–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.06.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.06.001
Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. Individual-specific ‘fingerprints’ of human DNA. Nature 1985;316:76–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/316076a0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/316076a0
Scheck B, Neufeld P. Overview and History of DNA Typing. Butler-01 2004:1–13.
Gill P, Jeffreys AJ, Werrett DJ. Forensic application of DNA ‘fingerprints.’ Nature 1985;318:577–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/318577a0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/318577a0
Joshi M, Deshpande JD. Polymerase Chain Reaction: Methods, Principles and Application. Int J Biomed Res 2011;2. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v2i1.83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v2i1.83
Alketbi Salem K. The role of DNA in forensic science: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Science and Research Archive 2023;9:814–29. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.9.2.0624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.9.2.0624
Panneerchelvam S, Norazmi MN. Forensic DNA profiling and database. Malays J Med Sci 2003;10:20–6.
Silvery J, Ganschow S, Wiegand P, Tiemann C. Developmental validation of the monSTR identity panel, a forensic STR multiplex assay for massively parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020;46:102236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102236
Hares DR. Selection and implementation of expanded CODIS core loci in the United States. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015;17:33–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.03.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.03.006
Novroski NMM, King JL, Churchill JD, Seah LH, Budowle B. Characterization of genetic sequence variation of 58 STR loci in four major population groups. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016;25:214–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.09.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.09.007
Goodwin S, McPherson JD, McCombie WR. Coming of age: ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies. Nat Rev Genet 2016;17:333–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2016.49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2016.49
van Dijk EL, Jaszczyszyn Y, Naquin D, Thermes C. The Third Revolution in Sequencing Technology. Trends in Genetics 2018;34:666–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.008
Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1977;74:5463–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
Maxam AM, Gilbert W. [57] Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages, 1980, p. 499–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(80)65059-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(80)65059-9
Slatko BE, Gardner AF, Ausubel FM. Overview of Next‐Generation Sequencing Technologies. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 2018;122. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpmb.59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpmb.59
Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhlén M, Nyrén P. Real-Time DNA Sequencing Using Detection of Pyrophosphate Release. Anal Biochem 1996;242:84–9. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0432
Rothberg JM, Hinz W, Rearick TM, Schultz J, Mileski W, Davey M, et al. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 2011;475:348–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10242
Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, Swerdlow HP, Smith GP, Milton J, Brown CG, et al. Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry. Nature 2008;456:53–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07517
Roberts RJ, Carneiro MO, Schatz MC. The advantages of SMRT sequencing. Genome Biol 2013;14:405. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-405
Feng Y, Zhang Y, Ying C, Wang D, Du C. Nanopore-Based Fourth-Generation DNA Sequencing Technology. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2015;13:4–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2015.01.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2015.01.009
Roewer L. DNA fingerprinting in forensics: past, present, future. Investig Genet 2013;4:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-4-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-4-22
Melson KE. Legal and Ethical Considerations. DNA Fingerprinting, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 1990, p. 189–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12040-6_10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12040-6_10
Ge J, Eisenberg A, Budowle B. Developing criteria and data to determine best options for expanding the core CODIS loci. Investig Genet 2012;3:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-3-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-3-1
Butler JM. Forensic DNA Advisory Groups: DAB, SWGDAM, ENFSI, and BSAG. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Elsevier; 2013, p. 339–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00062-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00062-3
Kayser M. Forensic use of Y-chromosome DNA: a general overview. Hum Genet 2017;136:621–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1776-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1776-9
Fukagawa T, Watahiki H, Mita Y, Kitayama T, Fujii K, Mizuno N. Internal validation of probabilistic genotyping software STRmixTM V2.8 for GlobalFilerTM profiles generated from Japanese individuals. Forensic Science International: Reports 2025;12:100437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100437
Diana Quiceno Cerinza, Martín N M, SA C, CA MT, OJ RG, AP RN, et al. Application of the X-Chromosomal STRs and the FamLinkX Software for Solving Complex Kinship Forensic Genetics Cases in Colombia. International Journal of Forensic Sciences 2024;9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000347
Chi T. Mass Disasters and Forensic Innovation: New Approaches to Victim Identification. Journal of Forensic Research 2025;16:1–2.
Fusco V, Fanelli F, Chieffi D. Recent and Advanced DNA-Based Technologies for the Authentication of Probiotic, Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Fermented Foods and Beverages. Foods 2023;12:3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203782
Lanubile A, Stagnati L, Marocco A, Busconi M. DNA-based techniques to check quality and authenticity of food, feed and medicinal products of plant origin: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2024;149:104568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104568
Salceda S, Barican A, Buscaino J, Goldman B, Klevenberg J, Kuhn M, et al. Validation of a rapid DNA process with the RapidHIT ® ID system using GlobalFiler ® Express chemistry, a platform optimized for decentralized testing environments. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017;28:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.01.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.01.005
Quick J, Loman NJ, Duraffour S, Simpson JT, Severi E, Cowley L, et al. Real-time, portable genome sequencing for Ebola surveillance. Nature 2016;530:228–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16996
Pomerantz A, Peñafiel N, Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Pichardo F, Coloma LA, et al. Real-time DNA barcoding in a rainforest using nanopore sequencing: opportunities for rapid biodiversity assessments and local capacity building. Gigascience 2018;7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy033
Szkuta B, Ansell R, Boiso L, Connolly E, Kloosterman AD, Kokshoorn B, et al. Assessment of the transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery of DNA traces from clothing: An inter-laboratory study on worn upper garments. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019;42:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.011
Meakin G, Jamieson A. DNA transfer: Review and implications for casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013;7:434–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.03.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.03.013
INTERPOL. Global DNA Profiling Survey Results 2019. France: 2019.
Wulandari I. Forensic Science in Criminalistics in Indonesia: Development and Challenges. Unnes Law Journal 2023;9. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v9i1.66847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v9i1.66847
Syah J. Developing Forensic Accounting Curriculum at Universities. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 2017;1:103. https://doi.org/10.21532/apfj.001.16.01.01.08. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21532/apfj.001.16.01.01.08
Mahat N, Alwi A, Salleh F, Ishar S, Kamaluddin M, Rashid M. Applications of X-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats for Human Identification: A Review. J Trop Life Sci 2023;13:193–218. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.13.01.19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.13.01.19