Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps <p>Thank you for visiting the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences (e-ISSN: 2656-3088). It is with great pleasure that the first issue of the JJournal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences is released to the academic world, which is intended to accommodate the needs of researchers to publish their work. The Faculty of Pharmacy at Tjut Nyak Dhien University publishes this journal. This journal's publisher is dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in the pharmaceutical, science, and health fields. Articles that have been published can be accessed and downloaded online by the public (open-access journal). Manuscripts can be submitted to the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences in Indonesian and English. The Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences has been accredited by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia. With a SINTA accreditation rating of 4. Certificate No. 164/E/KPT/2021 (<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uc_FFB7Pi9qAophB2f5Ggghw7BNCA-wu/view">download Certificate</a>).</p> <p><strong>Journal Migration</strong></p> <p>As of January 1, 2023, Volume 6 number 1, the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences has migrated to a new website at <a href="https://journal-jps.com/new">https://journal-jps.com/new</a>. While the old version (volume 1 to volume 5) can still be accessed as usual at the URL: <a href="https://lama.journal-jps.com">https://lama.journal-jps.com</a> or <a href="https://journal-jps.com/index.php/jps/issue/archive">https://journal-jps.com/index.php/jps/issue/archive</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/about/submissions"><strong>Submit your manuscript via the new website</strong></a></p> Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien en-US Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences 2656-3088 Comparison of Phenolic and Antioxidant Contents in Tea Brewing and Kombucha Tea Variants by Visible Spectrophotometry https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/952 <p>One of the most widely consumed aromatic beverages in the world is tea. Tea shoots are rich in polyphenolic compounds that function as antioxidants. Not many people know that tea can be fermented with a type of bacteria and yeast culture that can be consumed as a drink for health known as kombucha tea. The health benefits of consuming kombucha tea as anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, detoxification, increased immune response, treating stomach ulcers and lowering cholesterol levels as well as high blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity as well as the comparison of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in tea brewing variations with kombucha tea variations. The methods carried out include testing the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method on tea brewing variants and kombucha tea variants by visible spectrophotometry.mThe results of total phenolic content in black tea, green tea, and oolong tea were 24,480 mgGAE/g, 26,538 mgGAE/g, and 38,427 mgGAE/g, respectively, while kombucha black tea, green tea, and oolong tea were 39,264 mgGAE/g, 58,581 mgGAE/g, and 64,299 mgGAE/g, respectively. Brewed black tea, green tea, and oolong tea have antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 105,68 ppm in teh moderate category, 81,59 ppm in teh strong category, and 56,25 ppm in the strong category, respectively. In kombucha black tea, green tea, and oolong tea have antioxidant activity with IC50 values respectively 101,60 ppm with moderate category, 55,82 ppm with strong category, and 39,69 ppm with very strong category. While teh vitamin C comparator has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 3,22 ppm with a very strong category.</p> Dini Maghfirah Ainil Fithri Pulungan Ridwanto Ridwanto Rafita Yuniarti Copyright (c) 2025 Dini Maghfirah , Ainil Fithri Pulungan , Ridwanto, Rafita Yuniarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-07 2025-07-07 1384 1397 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.952 Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Bandotan Leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on Healing of Burn Wounds in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Diabetes Mellitus https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/935 <p>Burn wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus experience impaired healing due to chronic hyperglycemia. This study aims to identify phytochemical compounds, analyze the characteristics of crude drugs, and test the activity of ethanol extracts of bandotan leaves (<em>Ageratum conyzoides</em> L.) on burn wound healing in rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) with diabetes mellitus, including histological evaluation of wound tissue. Screening results showed that the extract contains active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, quinones, and steroids. Herbal material characterization met standards for moisture and ash content but did not meet standards for water-soluble and ethanol-soluble extract content. The extract gel formulation was tested at three concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%). Efficacy tests showed that the 15% gel accelerated wound healing by 100% by day 15, with histological findings indicating increased numbers of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and capillary blood vessels. This study concludes that ethanol extract of bandotan leaves has potential as an effective wound healing agent, particularly in diabetic conditions.</p> Nur Afika Muhammad Yunus Erida Novriani Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Afika, Muhammad Yunus , Erida Novriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-11 2025-07-11 1398 1412 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.935 Effectiveness Test of Acne Facial Wash Gel Containing Ethanol Extract of Jackfruit Leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/787 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Jackfruit leaves (<em>Artocarpus heterophyllus</em> Lamk.) contain antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which can damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and denature cellular proteins. This potential supports the development of a facial wash gel using jackfruit leaf extract as a natural antibacterial alternative. <strong>Objective</strong>: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a facial wash gel containing jackfruit leaf extract (<em>Artocarpus heterophyllus</em> Lamk.) in inhibiting the growth of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC® 25923. <strong>Methods</strong>: This experimental study included sample preparation, identification, extraction, phytochemical screening, and gel formulation evaluation (organoleptic test, homogeneity, spreadability, foam height, pH, irritation, and cycling test). Antibacterial activity was tested against <em>S. aureus</em>, with a positive control (Himalaya (Brand) Facial Wash) and a negative control (DMSO). <strong>Results</strong>: The extract yield was 11.26%, positively detecting flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The gel formulations (F1-F3) were semi-solid, dark green, and had a characteristic jackfruit leaf aroma, with a pH of 5–6. Homogeneity tests confirmed uniform consistency, with the highest foam height in F3 (3.7 cm) and optimal spreadability in F1-F2 (6 cm). No irritation was observed, and the gel remained stable in cycling tests. The antibacterial test showed the highest inhibition at 12% extract concentration (92.3%), while the formulated gel also effectively inhibited <em>S. aureus</em> growth. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Jackfruit leaves can be successfully formulated into a stable and safe facial wash gel with effective antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.</p> Athaillah Athaillah Venni Pritiwanti Putra Chandra Ali Affan Silalahi Copyright (c) 2025 Athaillah, Venni Pritiwanti, Putra Chandra, Ali Affan Silalahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-16 2025-07-16 1413 1424 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.787 Antibacterial Activity Test of Fractionated Alkaloid Extract from Raru Bark (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/951 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including <em>Cotylelobium melanoxylon</em> Pierre (raru bark), traditionally used to treat diarrhea, malaria, and diabetes. However, scientific validation of its alkaloid compounds and antibacterial potential is still limited. <strong>Objective</strong>: This study aimed to (1) fractionate alkaloids from raru bark extract using chloroform liquid-liquid extraction, (2) identify alkaloid functional groups via FT-IR spectroscopy, (3) quantify alkaloid levels in ethanol and methanol extracts using UV spectrophotometry, and (4) evaluate their antibacterial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. <strong>Methods</strong>: The research stages included plant material processing, ethanol/methanol extraction, phytochemical screening, alkaloid fractionation with chloroform, FT-IR analysis, UV spectrophotometry for alkaloid quantification, and antibacterial testing via disc diffusion at 40%, 50%, and 60% concentrations. <strong>Results</strong>: Alkaloid fractions were successfully isolated, containing functional groups N-H, C-N, C=O, aromatic C=C, and sharp C=O. The methanol extract yielded higher alkaloid levels (21.03 ± 0.10%) than ethanol (18.95 ± 0.09%). The 50% alkaloid fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 21.1 mm (<em>E. coli</em>) and 23.1 mm (<em>S. aureus</em>). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Raru bark alkaloids exhibit significant antibacterial effects, with methanol extract demonstrating superior alkaloid content and efficacy.</p> Shakhila Salwa Anny Sartika Daulay Yayuk Putri Rahayu Ridwanto Ridwanto Copyright (c) 2025 Shakhila Salwa, Anny Sartika Daulay , Yayuk Putri Rahayu , Ridwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-16 2025-07-16 1425 1441 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.951 Sunscreen Innovation: Development of a Water-Resistant Compact Powder Formula Based on Titanium Dioxide for Optimal UV Protection https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/961 <p>Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation contributes to skin aging and damage, necessitating effective protection. Sunscreens offer a solution by absorbing, scattering, and reflecting UV radiation, especially those containing titanium dioxide, which has strong UV-blocking properties. Innovation in the form of compact powder sunscreen presents a practical and efficient daily protection approach due to its easy-to-apply formulation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics of compact powder sunscreen formulations, including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, hardness, and the effect of titanium dioxide on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. Methods: Formulations were prepared and evaluated through physical tests, including organoleptic assessment, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, and hardness, as well as SPF measurement using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: Titanium dioxide contributed to the light brown color, smooth texture, and vanilla scent of the formulations. It also enhanced the SPF value. The most optimal formulation was Formula 4, containing 25% titanium dioxide, which met the desired physical criteria and achieved an SPF value of 15.06, categorized as ultra protection. Conclusion: The addition of titanium dioxide positively affected the physical characteristics and SPF value of compact powder sunscreen. Formula 4, with 25% titanium dioxide, demonstrated the best results and the highest SPF, making it the most optimal formulation for UV protection</p> Rahmat Muliadi Vica Aspadiah Muhammad Handoyo Sahumena Nidya Aftira Copyright (c) 2025 Rahmat Muliadi, Vica Aspadiah, Muhammad Handoyo Sahumena, Nidya Aftira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-20 2025-07-20 1442 1451 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.961 The Effect of Soaking Time and Grinding Temperature Variations on Soy Milk Protein Content https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/949 <p>Soy milk, an extract from soybeans, significantly contributes to human nutritional needs, particularly as a source of plant-based protein. The protein quality in soy milk is highly influenced by processing parameters, including soybean soaking duration and grinding temperature. This study aimed to determine the optimum combination of soaking time and grinding temperature to maximize soy milk's protein content. The effects of these two factors were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD). Experiments were conducted for 13 experimental combinations, replicated three times. Protein content was determined by the Lowry method, while pH measurements were also performed to monitor quality. Grinding temperatures ranged from 25°C to 80°C and soaking times varied from 6 to 12 hours, using Grobogan soybean variety as the main raw material. Other parameters such as soybean quantity, water volume, soaking temperature, and boiling and grinding times were set as controlled variables. Optimization results using Design-Expert software indicated that the optimum formulation was achieved at a grinding temperature of 61°C and a soaking time of 9 hours 46 minutes. Under these optimum conditions, the resulting soy milk exhibited a protein content of 3.1% (w/w) and a pH of 7.02, both meeting established soy milk quality standards.</p> Nadiya Syafiah Mufida Dedi Hanwar Copyright (c) 2025 Nadiya Syafiah Mufida , Dedi Hanwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-20 2025-07-20 1452 1468 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.949 Effect of ethanol extract of nutmeg pulp (Myristica fragrans Houtt) on heart histopathology hyperglycemic wistar rats https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/517 <p>The heart is an organ significantly impacted by diabetes mellitus problems, as elevated free radical generation and oxidative stress from hyperglycemia activate the apoptosis and necrosis pathways in cardiac myocytes. This study aimed to ascertain the histological characteristics of the cardiac tissue in rats subjected to hyperglycemia following the administration of ethanol extract from nutmeg fruit flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt). This study employed rice as a diabetes inducer in 25 rats, categorized into 5 treatment groups: group 1 received Na-CMC, group 2 received metformin, group 3 received a dosage of 100 mg/KgBW, group 4 received a dosage of 200 mg/KgBW, and group 5 received a dosage of 300 mg/KgBW. The detected data included alterations in body weight, blood glucose levels, organ mass, and cardiac histology. The data were evaluated employing the One-Way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level (p&lt;0.05). The findings indicated that all groups treated with nutmeg fruit flesh ethanol extract exhibited a substantial enhancement in the histopathology of rat hearts compared to the negative control group 0,03 (p&lt;0.05). The administration of nutmeg fruit flesh extract can ameliorate histopathological damage to the hearts of hyperglycemic rats at doses of 100 mg/KgBW, 200 mg/KgBW, and 300 mg/KgBW, indicating that nutmeg fruit flesh may serve as a cardioprotective drug in diabetic subjects.</p> Amran Nur Ermalyanti Fiskia Muhammad Fakhrur Rajih Hi Yusuf Muhammad Zulfian A. Disi Nita Mursin Copyright (c) 2025 Amran Nur, Ermalyanti Fiskia , Muhammad Fakhrur Rajih Hi Yusuf, Muhammad Zulfian A. Disi, Nita Mursin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-20 2025-07-20 1469 1478 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.517 Folic Acid Supplementation in First-Trimester Pregnant Women for Preeclampsia Prevention: A Retrospective Cohort Study https://journal-jps.com/new/index.php/jps/article/view/901 <div> <p>Preeclampsia is a disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria that manifests during gestation. Various vitamins can influence food consumption during pregnancy. Folic acid supplementation is known to reduce preeclampsia risk, yet adherence remains low among pregnant women. The objective of the research is to identify risk variables and dosage efficacy associated with folic acid utilization. This study employs an retrospective cohort study and utilizes retrospective data collection. Data was gathered from Cahaya Ibu Pharmacy Store in Makassar, encompassing a total of 164 patients. A chi-square statistical study indicated a substantial risk association between pregnant women and the onset of hypertension in comparison to nonpregnant individuals, with a p-value of 0.001. Pregnant women had twice the risk, as shown by an odds ratio of 1.9. The study of Fisher's test data indicates a correlation between patient age and hypertension condition. The findings indicate no substantial correlation between the two variables, with a p-value of 0.523. The findings indicate a substantial correlation between the mitigation of raised blood pressure risk and the consumption of folic acid. The early use of folic acid during pregnancy planning significantly diminishes the likelihood of preeclampsia. Risk factors for preeclampsia include insufficient folic acid consumption, the duration of folic acid supplementation, and the pregnancy status of individuals with a disease risk of up to 98%. Less at age 30 years old, the consumption of folic acid may reduce the risk.</p> </div> Andi Maulana Kamri Bayu Putra Rachmat Kosman Putri Septiani Basri Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Maulana Kamri, Bayu Putra , Rachmat Kosman, Putri Septiani Basri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-07-22 2025-07-22 1479 1485 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.901