Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Effectiveness of Combination Glutathione Depletion Agent (GSH) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Inhibitors of Cisplatin Resistance on Cancer Cells: Systematic Literature Review

Eva Nursoleha — 2025-04-25

Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy agent used for the treatment of various types of cancer. However, the use of cisplatin as a chemotherapy agent is limited by drug resistance and side effects due to the formation of inactive metabolites from the conjugation reaction between cisplatin and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST). Thus, Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) are essential in controlling cisplatin resistance. This study aims to evaluate the use of a combination of cisplatin with GSH-depleting agents and GST inhibitors to overcome or reduce cisplatin resistance in various cancer cell types in vitro and enhance cisplatin's cytotoxic activity. This research was conducted using a systematic literature review method, with a literature search across two international databases, PubMed and Science Direct, for publications from 2013 to 2024. From 15 selected journals, various GSH-depleting agents and GST inhibitors were found to improve the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, as analyzed based on data on the levels of GSH and GST in the cells and the percentage of viable cells (% cell viability), which showed a significant decrease. The findings of this study are expected to provide insights into the development of cancer therapies using cisplatin as a chemotherapy agent.

A microbiological study of Annona muricata Lim. Folium partitioned extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus.

Baiq Maylinda Gemantari — 2025-04-14

Annona muricata is a plant broadly reported to have various medicinal benefits and has been widely used around the world. The leaves are a part reported to have antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial properties of A.muricata leaves partitioned extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. The partitioned extract was obtained by liquid-liquid partition of ethanolic extract using N-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. An antimicrobial study was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method. The result showed that at the highest concentration model used, antimicrobial activity was shown in N-hexane partitioned extract and ethyl acetate partitioned extract. Those properties were known to correlate with some groups of secondary metabolites, including flavonoid, steroid, phenolic, and saponin.

Formulation, Characteristics of Physical Quality, and Evaluation of Sun Protection Factor Value of Transparent Soap with Red Betel Leaf Extract

Rafita Yuniarti — 2025-04-14

The sun emits ultraviolet radiation and can produce free radicals. If these free radicals continue to come into contact with the skin excessively, they can damage cells and eventually cause cancer. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a substance that protects the skin from ultraviolet rays. The capacity of a product to shield the skin is indicated by its SPF rating. Soap is a type of formulation that individuals frequently utilize. Red betel leaf extract can protect the skin from the harmful effects of free radicals and is expected to increase the soap's ability to protect the skin from exposure to sunlight and maintain skin health. The methods include making transparent soap, testing physical quality, and determining the sun protection coefficient at various red betel leaf ethanol extract concentrations. The result is a transparent black-green soap with a pH of 9, a foam height of 57-65 mm, and a water content of <15%. At a concentration of ethanol extract of 0%, the SPF value is 3, and the SPF values are 7.5 (10%), 12.28 (30 and 50%), 18.2 (70%), and 25 (90%). From this information, it can be inferred that clear soap created with red betel leaf extract possesses excellent physical attributes and effectively protects against sun exposure.

Determination of Rhodamine B Levels in Seasoning Powder Using TLC and HPLC Methods

Ariska Munthe — 2025-04-15

Rhodamine B is a colouring substance in the form of green or reddish-purple crystals, which are odourless and in the form of a bright red solution (fluorescent). Rhodamin B is a colouring substance that can only be used in the textile, paint, paper, or clothing industries, so it cannot be added to food. Rhodamine B is often used as a coloring agent in paper and textiles. This substance is the most dangerous; if consumed, it can cause problems with liver function and liver cancer. The stages of this research include a sample solution, making Rhodamin B standard stock solution, and making a mobile phase. Examination of qualitative analysis using thin layer chromatography and determination of Rhodamine B levels in seasoning performance liquid chromatography method. The results of the research showed that in the qualitative examination, there were two samples containing Rhodamin B. Rhodamin B levels were determined by determining the retention time and calculating Rhodamin B levels using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The result of deciding Rhodamine B levels in the two samples containing Rhodamin B was sample A; 2,8915 mcg/g ,sampel B ; 19,6702 mcg/g Mcg/g. Then, the highest levels of Rhodamin B are found in sample B.

The Potential Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract Combination from Ziziphus mauritiana L., Ocimum basilicum Linn., and Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth Against Staphylococcus Aureus

Faras Fadiya — 2025-04-15

The study of the combination of herbal plant extracts has become the subject of intensive research to increase the effectiveness of antibacterials in the application of traditional medicine utilization. The study of the combination of herbal plant extracts has become the subject of intensive research to increase the effectiveness of antibacterials in the application of traditional medicine utilization. This study aims to determine the inhibitory power of the combination of medicinal plant ethanol extracts, namely the combination of bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana L.): suruhan herb (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth); and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum Linn.):suruhan herb (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This study is an experimental laboratory study with phytochemical testing, microbiological testing using the disc diffusion method, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the inhibitory power of the combination of medicinal plant ethanol extracts, namely the combination of bidara leaves:suruhan herb and basil leaves:suruhan herb, against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the extracts of bidara leaves, basil leaves, and suruhan herbs contain secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics. The combination of suruhan herb:bidara leaves (HS:DB) and suruhan herb: basil leaves (HS:DK) extracts has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as indicated by the formation of an inhibition zone in each comparison. The mix of HS:DB and HS:DK extracts is the most effective at killing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with an inhibition zone diameter of 16.07 mm for HS:DB and 15.5 mm for HS:DK. The average area of the inhibition zone is half the area of the inhibition zone in the positive control (ciprofloxacin), with an average of 32.70 mm. The results of the one-way ANOVA test continued with the Duncan test, which stated that each single treatment and combination of extracts were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, which showed a P value of 0.05.

Formulation of Transparent Soap with Carrot Juice (Daucus carota L.) as a Skin Moisturizer

Nona Miranza — 2025-04-23

Transparent soap is a type of soap that appears clear and attractive, with a finer foam. Carrots are one of the plants that contain compounds that can naturally moisturize the skin. The chemical compounds in carrots that can be used as skin moisturizers are present in high amounts. The aim of this study is to formulate transparent soap using carrot Juice as a skin moisturizer. The transparent soap formulation was made using carrot Juice at concentrations of 4%, 6%, and 8%. The evaluation of the transparent soap formulation included organoleptic testing, moisture content testing, foam height testing, pH testing, irritation testing, and hedonic testing. The results showed that the 8% concentration had the highest moisture content, at 14.45%. The highest foam height measurement was also observed at the 8% concentration, with an average of 8.3. The highest pH level was recorded at 8% concentration, with a value of 9.34. Skin analyzer testing indicated that the highest skin moisture level was achieved at 8% concentration, reaching 48%. The transparent carrot Juice soap met the standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) in terms of organoleptic properties, moisture content, foam height, pH, skin analyzer results, irritation testing, and hedonic testing. The conclusion of this study is that carrot Juice can be formulated into transparent soap that meets SNI requirements.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Natural Hydrocolloid Hydrogel Implants for Biomedical Applications

Sitiya Humayra — 2025-04-23

Hydrogels are promising biomaterials for biomedical applications due to their high biocompatibility, three-dimensional structure resembling biological tissue, and their ability to gradually degrade within the body. Notably, hydrocolloid hydrogels based on natural polymers, such as porang-sago glucomannan, demonstrate significant potential for applications like drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. The biocompatibility of these materials is crucial to ensure they are well accepted by body tissues without causing adverse reactions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility of hydrocolloid hydrogel implants made from crosslinked porang-sago glucomannan using citric acid, with a focus on biomedical applications. The method used in this study involved the implantation of hydrogel implants in male mice weighing approximately 25 grams, divided into four groups: three groups with different hydrogel implant formulations and one control group without implants. After 10–20 days post-implantation, the tissue surrounding the implant was evaluated through histopathological analysis using Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining. The results showed that the hydrogel implants exhibited good biocompatibility, with a mild inflammatory response predominantly characterized by macrophages and moderate fibrotic capsule formation. No pathological signs such as necrosis or granulomas were observed in the tissue surrounding the implant. Formulations F1 and F5 demonstrated better biocompatibility profiles compared to F3, showing lower inflammatory responses. In conclusion, hydrocolloid hydrogel implants based on porang-sago glucomannan exhibit good biocompatibility potential for subcutaneous and skeletal muscle applications. However, further optimization is required to improve tissue integration and minimize the gap between the implant and surrounding tissue. This study provides a foundation for the further development of hydrocolloid hydrogels as biomaterials for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.

Cytotoxic Potential of Red Ginger Rhizome Extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Against 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells

Nadia Dwi Oktaviani — 2025-04-25

Background: 4T1 breast cancer is a type of Triple-Negative murine breast cancer (TNBC) that has a strong ability to metastasise. Plant metabolite compounds are one of the strategies that must be explored to develop breast cancer treatments. Red ginger rhizome is one of the candidate plants that have anticancer activity. Previously, cytotoxic studies have been conducted on Widr and HeLa cancer cells. However, research on breast cancer cells is still lacking, so it needs to be developed. Materials and Methods: This study aims to determine the potential cytotoxicity in vitro using the MTT test. The red ginger rhizome extract is obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, which is then analysed for secondary metabolite compounds. Results: The results showed that red ginger rhizome extract contains flavonoids, phenolic, alkaloid, saponin, and tannin compounds. While in the cytotoxic test, red ginger rhizome extract and doxorubicin have good cytotoxic potential with IC50 values of 69.86 µg/ml and 0.4 µg/ml, respectively. The red ginger rhizome extract and doxorubicin are classified as active and highly active cytotoxics. Conclusion: It can be concluded that red ginger rhizome extract shows cytotoxic potential as a therapeutic candidate that can inhibit the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells by 50%. Therefore, red ginger rhizome extract has the potential to be further developed as a chemotherapeutic agent.

Synthesis of Ethyl 4-(3,5-dimethyl-4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate and Cytotoxic Activity Test Against T47D Cells

Fariha Mufidah Maulina — 2025-04-25

Cancer is one of the biggest health problems in the world, including in Indonesia. Previous studies have found that DHPM compounds have various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antituberculosis, and antioxidant. Based on this potential, it is interesting to conduct further research with the aim of synthesizing and developing new Dihydropyrimidinone (DHPM) compound derivatives that have potential as anticancer. The synthesis of DHPM derivatives was carried out to obtain ethyl 4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (M1). Then the compound was developed by Mitsunobu reaction using a sonicator to obtain a new compound ethyl 4-(3,5-dimethyl-4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (C2) which will be tested for cytotoxic activity against T47D cancer cells. Characterization of the compound was done using FT-IR, LC-MS, and melting point. Cytotoxic test against T47D cells as anticancer agent using MTT method [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The test results of compound C2 had cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 202.22 µg/mL. The results showed that compound C2 has cytotoxic activity but it is mild because the IC50 produced is high. These findings suggest that compound C2 has anticancer potential, but further structure optimization is needed to increase its effectiveness.

The Relationship Between Age, Food Consumption, and Oral Hygiene with the Symptoms of Tonsillitis in Children at State Elementary School 1 Banda Sakti, Lhokseumawe City.

Febby Fadya Febyola — 2025-04-26

Tonsillitis is an inflammation and swelling of the palatine tonsils, which is part of an upper respiratory tract infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are approximately 287,000 cases of tonsillitis in children under 15 years of age. In Indonesia, the prevalence of tonsillitis is reported to be 214,666 cases, or about 23%. Several factors increase the risk of developing tonsillitis, such as age, food consumption, oral hygiene, and environmental factors. This study aims to examine the relationship between age, food consumption, and oral hygiene with tonsillitis symptoms in children at SDN 1 Banda Sakti, Lhokseumawe City. This is an analytic survey with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected through questionnaires completed by 100 children, selected using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The results showed that the majority of respondents were between 6 and 9 years old, female, had risky food consumption habits, maintained good oral hygiene, and exhibited symptoms of tonsillitis. The Chi-square test results indicated a significant relationship between age and tonsillitis symptoms (p = 0.001), food consumption and tonsillitis symptoms (p = 0.025), and oral hygiene and tonsillitis symptoms (p = 0.026). These findings suggest a significant relationship between age, food consumption, and oral hygiene with tonsillitis symptoms in children at SDN 1 Banda Sakti, Lhokseumawe City.

Differences in Fermentation Media on Single Cell Protein (SCP) Production Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yayuk Putri Rahayu — 2025-04-28

Utilization of pineapple peel waste and tofu liquid waste can reduce environmental impacts and is an alternative fermentation medium containing cheap and easily obtained carbohydrate sources and has the potential for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Single Cell Protein (SCP) is a protein derived from microbes such as yeast. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between pineapple peel waste and tofu liquid waste with the addition of different nutrients to SCP production using S. cervisiae. The research method was experimental. The independent variables were fermentation medium MK1 (pineapple peel waste; KH₂PO₄; sugar); MK2 (pineapple peel waste; KH₂PO₄; (NH₄)₂SO₄; sugar), MT1 (tofu liquid waste; KH₂PO₄; sugar); and MT2 (tofu liquid waste; KH₂PO₄; (NH₄)₂SO₄; sugar). The fermentation period was 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The dependent variables were protein content, cell dry weight, glucose content, pH and temperature. The results of the SCP production research obtained the highest percentage increase in protein content in MT2 media (tofu liquid waste; KH₂PO₄; (NH₄)₂SO₄; sugar) was 33.33% (day-2, increase in dry cell weight 84.90%), followed by MK2 media (pineapple peel waste; KH₂PO₄; (NH₄)₂SO₄; sugar) was 13.15% (day-4, increase in dry cell weight 2.77%). The conclusion is that from both pineapple peel waste and tofu liquid waste substrates, the best PST production was obtained with the highest protein content in MT2 (tofu liquid waste media with the addition of KH₂PO₄; (NH₄)₂SO₄; and sugar).

Phytochemical Study and Total Phenolic Content Analysis of Methanol Extract of Stem Bark of Merawan (Hopea mengarawan Miq.)

Muhammad Govindo Ibra Pratibha — 2025-04-29

Dipterocarpaceae is a family of plants that has good wood quality and durability. Apart from that, wood for this family is known to contain the compound resveratrol which has bioactivity, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. Several genus and species of this family are threatened with extinction. Merawan (Hopea mengarawan Miq.) is one of extinct species from Dipterocarpaceae which according to several research contains secondary metabolite compounds. The objective of this research was to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and determine the total phenolic content of merawan. The maceration method was used to extract the stem bark of H. mengarawan Miq., then continued with phitochemical screening, and total phenolic content analysis. Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify secondary metabolite compounds contained in the methanol extract of H. mengarawan Miq. stem bark qualittatively. Determination of total phenolic content was carried out using the colorimetric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as a comparison standard. The result of this study indicate that the methanol extract of stem bark of H. mengarawan Miq. contains secondary metabolite compounds, such as saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic with the total phenolic content of 13,518±0,228 mg GAE/g.

Antibacterial Effectiveness of Glodokan Tiang (Polyalthia longifolia) Leaf Extract Against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Valentina Girsang — 2025-05-02

Introduction: Polyalthia longifolia, commonly known as Glodokan tiang, is a plant typically found along roadsides, serving as shade and an ornamental feature in gardens. In addition to its aesthetic function, the leaves of this plant have been found to contain compounds with effective antibacterial activity. Natural ingredients with antibacterial properties, such as Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract, can be an alternative acne treatment due to their lower side effects than chemical drugs. Research Objective: This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, which are significant causes of acne. Research Method: Polyalthia longifolia leaves were extracted using a maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The resulting extract was then tested for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method at 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%. The bacteria used in the tests were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes. Clindamycin was used as a positive control, and sterile water was used as a negative control. The data obtained from the tests were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Games-Howell tests. Results: The study showed that Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract at various concentrations (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both bacteria tested. At a concentration of 50%, the extract demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effect on Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with inhibition zones reaching 15.82 mm and 15.74 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract shows significant antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes. The 50% extract concentration exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect, making it a promising candidate for natural acne treatment with minimal side effects.

Formulation and Evaluation of Marshmallow Candy from Red Grep Fruit (Vitis vinifera L.)

Eli Nuratika — 2025-05-05

Candy serves as a high-calorie source often consumed during activities such as working, exercising, and studying. Typically, the most common candies available in the market are soft candies with a chewy texture. When made with real fruit juice, these candies can provide additional nutrients, minerals, and vitamins to the body. This study aimed to formulate marshmallow candy using red grape juice (Vitis vinifera L.) as the main ingredient, with variations of sucrose and honey, to create a product with appealing taste, texture, and nutritional value suitable for both children and adults. The study also evaluated the physical quality of the formulated marshmallow candy. Methods: This experimental research utilized the open pan method to produce marshmallow candy. The evaluation included organoleptic tests (shape, color, aroma, taste, texture), pH testing, weight uniformity analysis, moisture content measurement, ash content determination, and hedonic testing involving 15-21 panelists. Results: All formulations (F1, F2, F3) met physicochemical quality standards, with a pH of 5, moisture content of 6.5-8.1%, ash content of 1.3-1.8%, and weight variation coefficients of 2.55-2.73%. Based on hedonic testing, formulation F2 (5 g sucrose + 44 g honey) was the most preferred, receiving the highest scores for taste, shape, and texture. Conclusion: Red grape juice was successfully formulated into marshmallow candy that meets standard physicochemical quality requirements. The combination of sucrose and honey significantly influenced product characteristics, with F2 being the optimal formulation based on consumer preference. This study contributes to the development of functional food products using natural, nutrient-rich ingredients.

Manufacture and Activities of Anti-Acne Nano Essence of Pineapple Tubers Extract Sheet Mask (Ananas comosus (L.)Merr)

Nur Sakina Ritonga — 2025-05-09

Pineapple tubers, which are often considered waste, contain chemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, aPineapple tubers, which are often considered waste, contain chemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. This compound has antibacterial effects, especially against Propionibacterium acnes, which are gram-positive bacteria that cause acne. Anti-acne masks effectively prevent acne by disrupting the growth or killing bacteria through inhibiting microbial metabolism. This research is experimental in nature with Independent Variables: Extract, pineapple tuber simplicia, essence preparation, and nano essence sheet mask. Dependent variables include the physical characteristics of the preparation, as well as anti-acne activity. The extract was made using the maceration method, and then the antibacterial test of the extract was conducted. The preparations were subjected to physical quality tests, irritation tests, and antibacterial tests using the disc method. Orientation test results for the antibacterial activity of pineapple tuber extract against Propionibacterium acne s using the agar diffusion method with disc paper, namely, 3.25% (4.1 mm), 6.25% (4.9 mm), 12.5% (6.4 mm), 25% (7.5 mm), 50% (7.8 mm). The concentration of the preparation was obtained at 12.5% and then tested by PSA ( Particle Size Analyzer ). All particles were below 1000 nm, meeting the requirements. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the preparation showed the following inhibition zones: Blank (0 mm), Essence (9.5 mm), Nano Essence (11.13 mm), Comparator (25.3 mm), Clindamycin (32.3 mm). Good physical quality and can be used as an anti-acne.saponins, tannins and glycosides. This compound has antibacterial effects, especially against Propionibacterium acne s, gram-positive bacteria that cause acne. Anti- acne masks are effective in preventing acne by disrupting the growth or killing bacteria through inhibiting microbial metabolism. This research is experimental in nature with Independent Variables: Extract, pineapple tuber simplicia, essence preparation and nano essence sheet mask. Dependent variables include the physical characteristics of the preparation, as well as anti- acne activity . The extract was made using the maceration method, then the antibacterial test of the extract was oriented.The preparations were subjected to physical quality tests and irritation tests, as well as antibacterial tests using the disc method. Orientation test results for the antibacterial activity of pineapple tuber extract against Propionibacterium acne s using the agar diffusion method with disc paper, namely, 3.25% (4.1 mm), 6.25% (4.9 mm), 12.5% (6.4 mm), 25% (7.5 mm), 50% (7.8 mm). The concentration of the preparation was obtained at 12.5% and then tested by PSA ( Particle Size Analyzer ). All particles were below 1000 nm, meeting the requirements. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the preparation showed the following inhibition zones: Blank (0 mm), Essence (9.5 mm), Nano Essence (11.13 mm), Comparator (25.3 mm), Clindamycin (32.3 mm). Good physical quality and can be used as an anti -acne.

The Effect of Different Methods of Maceration and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) on Determining Flavonoid Contents of Total Figs (Ficus racemosa L)

Muhammad Andry — 2025-05-10

Figs (Ficus racemosa L.) are an essential source of bioactive components such as phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids with antioxidant properties. Two extraction methods are used to extract flavonoids from figs: conventional and non-conventional. This study aimed to determine the effect of different extraction methods—maceration and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)—on the total flavonoid content in figs (Ficus racemosa L.). The research was conducted using a laboratory experimental method. The procedures included collecting and preparing plant materials, producing simplicia, evaluating simplicia characteristics, conducting phytochemical screening, preparing extracts, and determining total flavonoid content. The results showed that the maximum wavelength of quercetin was 438 nm, with a regression equation of Y = 0.0669x + 0.0084. The average absorbance values of fig extract using the maceration method were 0.216 with methanol, while the MAE method was 0.280 with methanol. The average percentage of flavonoid content using the maceration method was 0.1245% with methanol, while with the MAE method, it was 0.1623% with methanol. The total flavonoid content of fig extract using the maceration method was 1.2451 mgQE/g extract with methanol, while with the MAE method, it was 1.6238 mgQE/g extract with methanol. The study concluded that the highest total flavonoid content was found in the methanol extract obtained through MAE. This extract had a value of 1.6238 mgQE/g extract.

The Influence of Health Promotion Media on Nutritional Knowledge Among Hypertensive Patients Participating In The Prolanis Program at Banda Sakti Health Center, Lhokseumawe City

Noviana Zara — 2025-05-12

Hypertension is known as the "silent killer," responsible for over 10 million deaths worldwide each year. In Indonesia, there are more than 1 million cases of hypertension, yet only 38.2% of sufferers receive healthcare services according to standards. Data from the Aceh Health Office in 2022 recorded over 44,000 cases of hypertension in Lhokseumawe City. One of the factors contributing to the increase in hypertension cases is the low level of public knowledge regarding the management of this condition. Hypertension management can be achieved through a low-salt diet, low-cholesterol diet, and high-fiber diet. One of the efforts to enhance knowledge about proper nutrition for hypertension patients is through health promotion using audiovisual media, which presents information in both visual and auditory forms. This study aims to identify the effect of health promotion media on nutrition knowledge in hypertension patients who are participants in the Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis) at Banda Sakti Health Center. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design, involving 40 Prolanis participants. The results show that the majority of respondents were elderly, female, unemployed, and had completed high school. After the intervention, there was a 92.5% increase in knowledge about hypertension nutrition, with the knowledge categorized as good. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test revealed a significant effect of audiovisual media on improving hypertension nutrition knowledge, with a p-value < 0.05. The conclusion of this study is that health promotion media has a significant effect on improving nutrition knowledge in hypertension patients who are participants in the Prolanis program at Banda Sakti Health Center.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Stevia Granule Preparations as Natural Sweetener with the Incorporation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as Binder

Nur Achsan Al-Hakim — 2025-05-13

The development of natural sweetener discoveries continues to be carried out to realize healthy living behavior in its use in food and beverage products, including in the formulation of pharmaceutical preparations. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a plant that contains high sweetness and has the lowest caloric value. This study aims to formulate and physically evaluate stevia extract granule preparations using the wet granulation method with the addition of varying concentrations of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a binder, F0 (without PVP), F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). Physical evaluation of stevia granule preparation includes organoleptic test, moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, compressibility index and granule dissolving time in water. The results of the physical evaluation of granule preparations during 28 days storage showed that F3 was the best formula compared to other formulas, as evidenced by the results of statistical analysis using the one-way ANOVA method showing significant differences (p<0.05) between formulations. The evaluation results obtained were moisture content (<3%), flow rate (10.23 g/sec), angle of repose (27°), compressibility index (10%) and granule dissolving time (<1 minute). This study shows that the use of 5% PVP concentration in F3 as a binder can improve the physical properties of stevia granule preparations to be better than 1% and 3% concentrations.

Antibiotic Use and Prescribing Patterns for Respiratory Tract Infections (ICD-10: J00-J99) in Indonesia During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Misworo Misworo — 2025-05-14

Introduction: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) contribute substantially to global antibiotic consumption, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to analyze antibiotic prescribing patterns for respiratory disorders in an Indonesian teaching hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study examined systemic antibiotic prescriptions based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC: J01) for respiratory diseases (ICD-10: J00-J99) at Cilacap Government Teaching Hospital between January and December 2021. Data were extracted from electronic medical records (e-MR), including patient demographics (i.e. age and sex), ICD codes and name of antibiotics. We analyzed WHO AWaRe classifications, administration routes, and seasonal patterns based on patient’s entry and antibiotic use. Results: The study included 2,395 patients with antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory disorders. The Watch group antibiotics accounted for 85.6% of prescriptions, with the highest use among adults (86.2%). Parenteral administration (71.5%) was more common than oral administration (28.5%). Pneumonia (38.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (27%) were the most common indications. Antibiotic use peaked in December (n=529) and was lowest in July (n=84). Ceftriaxone (n=838), azithromycin (n=270), cefixime (n=262), levofloxacin (n=216), and meropenem (n=56) were among the top prescribed antibiotics. Conclusion: The study highlights the predominant use of broad-spectrum and parenteral antibiotics for respiratory disorders, raising concerns about AMR. Factors such as seasonality, disease patterns, and diagnostic challenges may have influenced prescribing practices. Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, promoting evidence-based guidelines, and addressing modifiable risk factors are crucial to combat AMR and optimize patient outcomes during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of Protein Content of Some Types of Milk High in Protein Using the Kjeldahl and Visible Spectrophotometry Method

Adelya Syahfitri — 2025-05-14

Introduction: Protein is an essential nutrient that serves as an energy source and plays a crucial role in tissue formation. Protein deficiency can lead to various health disorders, ranging from hair loss to serious conditions such as death. High-protein milk serves as an ideal protein source as it contains essential amino acids and complete nutrients, though its consumption should be adjusted to individual needs to avoid side effects. Research Objectives: This study aims to: (1) analyze protein content in high-protein milk (Whey, Casein, and Gainer) using the Kjeldahl and Visible Spectrophotometry methods, and (2) verify the consistency between analysis results and protein content claims on product packaging. Research Methods: Analysis was conducted using two methods: the Kjeldahl method as a high-precision standard method and Visible Spectrophotometry using Biuret reagent which is more sensitive. Each sample was analyzed with six repetitions to ensure data accuracy. Samples were selected purposively based on best-selling products. Results: The results showed the highest protein content in Whey (525.87 mg/g with Kjeldahl; 873.75 mg/g with Spectrophotometry), followed by Casein (316.87 mg/g; 720.83 mg/g), and the lowest in Gainer (227.5 mg/g; 570.5 mg/g). This consistent pattern indicates conformity with packaging claims, although there were value differences between the two methods. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of verifying protein content in supplement products to ensure nutritional information accuracy for consumers. The differences between the two analysis methods are presumably due to their different analytical principles. This study contributes to developing accurate protein analysis methods for high-protein milk products.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Third-Trimester Pregnant Women Regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding Education

Hernawati Romauli Samosir — 2025-05-14

Background: According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), only 38% of infants aged 0–6 months worldwide were exclusively breastfed, with an increase to 44% in 2020. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by mothers’ lack of knowledge and attitudes regarding its importance. Objective: This study aims to examine the effect of education on the knowledge and attitudes of third-trimester pregnant women regarding exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed using a one-group pretest and posttest design within a cross-sectional framework. The sample consisted of 35 third-trimester pregnant women selected through total sampling at BPM Juliana Dalimunthe, S.Keb., Bdn, located in Tembung, Deli Serdang Regency, in November 2024. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using the paired sample t-test. Results: There was a significant improvement in the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women after receiving the educational intervention. The mean knowledge score increased from 70.86 to 76.00, and the attitude score from 72.11 to 79.71, with a p-value of 0.00 (< 0.05) for both variables. Conclusion: Education on exclusive breastfeeding has a significant effect on improving the knowledge and attitudes of third-trimester pregnant women. These findings highlight the importance of health education in preparing mothers for successful exclusive breastfeeding.

The Effect of Extraction Methods of Chinese Jatropha (Jatropha multifida L.) Leaves by Maceration and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) on the Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans

Divia Aryunda — 2025-05-14

Introduction: Indonesia possesses high biodiversity, including the Jatropha multifida L. plant, which contains secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Traditionally, the leaves of Jatropha multifida have been used as herbal medicine, particularly for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves and to compare the effectiveness of two extraction methods, maceration and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: The research stages included the characterization of the powdered simplicia, extraction of Jatropha multifida leaves using 96% ethanol by maceration and MAE methods, and phytochemical screening. The total flavonoid content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 431 nm. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans was tested for each extract at specific concentrations. Results: The ethanol extract obtained through maceration showed a total flavonoid content of 34.7089 ± 0.1206 mg QE/g, while the MAE method yielded 32.1923 ± 0.1113 mg QE/g. The highest antifungal activity was observed in the MAE extract at a 75% concentration, producing an inhibition zone of 24.7 mm. The maceration extract at the same concentration produced an inhibition zone of 23.7 mm. As a positive control, 2% ketoconazole resulted in an inhibition zone of 31.4 mm. Conclusion: Although the maceration method produced a higher total flavonoid content, the extract obtained through the MAE method demonstrated more potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans at the same concentration.

Formulation and Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap Preparations Ethanol Extract of Arabika Coffee Leaves (Coffea arabica L.) Against the Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus

Amaliana Amaliana — 2025-05-15

Coffee leaves (Coffea arabica L.) are a part of the coffee plant that is not widely used. Coffee leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, caffeine and polyphenols. Coffee leaves are a natural ingredient that has antibacterial and antioxidant activity, so they need to be used. develop it into pharmaceutical preparations to increase ease of use, one of which is liquid soap preparations The aim of this research was to determine the secondary metabolite content of simplicia powder and ethanol extract of coffee leaves, formulate ethanol extract of coffee leaves into liquid soap, determine the physical quality of the preparation and test the activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The method used in this research is to make a liquid soap formulation from Arabica coffee leaves and test its effectiveness as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research was carried out experimentally with the independent variable being the concentration of Arabica coffee leaf ethanol extract: F1 contains 2.5 grams of active substance, F2 contains 5.0 grams of active substance, F3 contains 7.5 grams of active substance, dependent variable: leaf simplicia phytochemical screening test Arabica coffee, antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Quality of liquid soap preparations from ethanol extract of Arabica coffee leaves using stability tests (pH of the preparation, homogeneity, viscosity and height of foam) and antibacterial tests using the agar diffusion method (well method). The research results show that simplicia powder and ethanol extract of coffee leaves contain alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and saponin chemical compounds. The organoleptic test results of liquid soap have a distinctive smell, a combination of coffee and rose leaves, are blackish brown in color, and are in the form of a thick liquid. The stability test results of all formulas are stable. The pH test ranges from 9.05 to 9.43. Test foam height 35- 40 mm. The viscosity test results ranged from 735.0-894.8 cpoise, antibacterial activity had an k- (Blanko) concentration inhibition zone of 13,6 mm FI concentration liquid soap obtained a result of 15.7 mm, FII concentration liquid soap obtained a result of 18.4 mm, FIII concentration liquid soap obtained a result of 18.75 mm compared to the control positive obtained a result of 18.8 mm.

The Relationship Between Formula Milk and Early Complementary Feeding (MP-ASI) with the Incidence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 0-6 Months

Celine Limois — 2025-05-15

Background : Infant and toddler mortality in developing countries is primarily caused by diarrhea. Formula feeding and early introduction of complementary feeding can contribute to diarrhea in infants under 6 months. Purpose : To gain knowledge about the relationship between formula feeding and early introduction of complementary feeding with the incidence of diarrhea in infants aged 0–6 months at Posyandu Balita in Helvetia Village. Methods : This research is quantitative, employing an analytic survey design and a cross-sectional approach. Out of 125 mothers with infants aged 0–6 months across all Posyandu Balita in Helvetia Village, 75 mothers were selected as samples using accidental sampling technique. Questionnaires were distributed to collect data, which was then analyzed using the chi-square test (α = 0.05). Results : There is a significant relationship between formula feeding and the incidence of diarrhea in infants aged 0–6 months, with a p-value of 0.042 (p < α). On the other hand, early MP-ASI introduction does not show a significant relationship with the incidence of diarrhea in infants aged 0–6 months, with a p-value of 0.078 (p > α). Conclusion : Mothers are encouraged to practice exclusive breastfeeding, maintain personal and baby equipment hygiene, and actively seek information about preventing diarrhea or other diseases.

Effectiveness of Healing Second Degree Burns Gel Preparation of bilimbi Extract (Averroa bilimbi L.) Against Male Wistar Rats

Dina Puji Astuti — 2025-05-16

Burns are lesions on body tissues that occur due to exposure to heat sources such as fire, chemicals, or electric currents. Bilimbi (Averroa bilimbi L.) is thought to have therapeutic properties to treat burns in male Wistar rats. Burn healing is divided into 3 phases of inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. This study was to prove the ability of the ethanol extract gel preparation of bilimbi in the process of healing burns. Bilimbi extract gel was formulated in three concentration variations, namely 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. Control testing of the preparation included organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, and adhesion. The bilimbi extract gel preparation with a series of concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% gave an effect in healing second-degree burns. The percentage data of burn diameter were analyzed using ANOVA. The results of statistical analysis showed that the preparation of ethanol extract gel from star fruit with a concentration of 10% gave a healing effect with a healing percentage of 86% which was almost the same as the positive control. This healing effect is thought to come from the content of star fruit such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins.

The Relationship Between Mother's Knowledge of Complementary Feeding and the Proper Practice of Complementary Feeding

Elva Elvionita Br Sembiring — 2025-05-17

Background: Complementary foods are designed to increase a baby's energy and nutrient intake because breast milk alone cannot meet the baby's daily nutritional needs. However, complementary foods must be introduced at the right time. The practice of providing complementary foods (MP-ASI) is a crucial step in fulfilling a baby's nutritional requirements. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge about complementary foods and the proper practice of providing complementary foods. Method: This research employs a quantitative approach, specifically a correlation method with a cross-sectional design. The sample consists of 30 mothers with babies aged 6–12 months. Data analysis includes univariate and bivariate analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Results: Analysis of the N ties value revealed that 10 respondents showed an improvement in their level of knowledge after being provided with documentation on the proper provision of complementary foods. Based on the Wilcoxon test results, the p-value score was 0.004 (< 0.05), leading to the rejection of Ho and acceptance of Ha. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge about complementary foods (MP-ASI) and the proper practice of providing complementary foods. Mothers with a good understanding of complementary foods tend to provide them in accordance with correct guidelines, including food types, feeding timing, and presentation. In contrast, mothers with limited knowledge about complementary foods often fail to provide them appropriately, which can negatively impact the baby's nutritional status and development.

The Relationship Between Mother’s Knowledge and Parenting Patterns on the Growth and Development of Infants Aged 3–12 Months

Khadijatul Musanna — 2025-05-17

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 52.9 million infants worldwide experience developmental disorders, with 54% of these cases potentially exhibiting developmental abnormalities. In low- and middle-income countries, nearly 95% of individuals face developmental delays, while in the United States, behavioral or developmental issues affect 15-18% of children. Research Objectives: This study aims to analyze the influence of maternal attitudes and practices on the growth and development of infants aged 3-12 months in Tanjung Gusta Subdistrict, Klambir IV Region, specifically at Midwife Elly's Clinic. Methods: Employing a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, this study utilized non-probability sampling through quota sampling technique. Seventy-one participants were included as research subjects. Results: The findings at Midwife Elly's Independent Practice Clinic revealed a significant correlation between parental knowledge and child development in infants aged 3-12 months (p-value = 0.000; p < 0.05 based on chi-square test). Additionally, the study identified an association between maternal knowledge and emotional well-being with child development within this age range.

The Relationship Between Economic Status and Maternal Knowledge Toward Mothers’ Attitudes in Performing Baby SPA for Infants Aged 3-12 Months at Siti Hajar Clinic

Renti Magdalena Br Pasaribu — 2025-05-18

Background: Baby Spa or Solus Per Aqua refers to water-based therapy aimed at relaxing the body through scrubbing, massage, and infant exercises. Many mothers who have babies are not familiar with the term baby spa and do not know the techniques of doing baby spa, especially in the middle to lower class areas. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between economic status and maternal knowledge with the mother’s attitude in doing baby spa for babies aged 3-12 months at the Siti Hajar Clinic. Methods: This method uses quantitative research with a correlation study research design. In this study, the population in this study are all mothers who have babies aged 3-12 months at the Siti Hajar Clinic, totaling 30 people. The sample amounted to 30 respondents. The technique used for sampling is total sampling. Data collection using questionnaires. Data analysis used is univariate and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test. Results: Based on the results of the chi-square test regarding the relationship between economic status and maternal knowledge with the mother’s attitude in doing baby spa for infants aged 3-12 months, the p-value is 0.001 (p < 0.005). Conclusion: So it will be concluded that ????₀ is not accepted ????₁ is accepted which means that there is a relationship between economic status and maternal knowledge with the attitude of mothers in doing baby spa for babies aged 3-12 moths at the Siti Hajar Clinic.

Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of Inpatient Servisces at Bhayangkara Kediri Hospital, East Java

Reny Nugraheni — 2025-05-19

The degree to which hospital services are perfected to meet the needs of the public for health care that complies with professional service standards and service standards while taking into account the capabilities and limitations of the public and government and making reasonable, efficient, and effective use of all available resources to provide safe, satisfactory care that complies with legal ethics and norms. The outcome of interdependent relationships and dependencies between different parts or facets of the hospital as a system is the quality of hospital services. Finding out how satisfied the community was with hospital inpatient services was the aim of the study. The study design measures patient satisfaction with hospital quality control using quantitative analysis. The research was conducted in August-December 2022. The study population was 11,017 respondents. The community satisfaction survey sample is part of the population calculated based on The Open Epi Collection of Epidemiologic Calculators. The public satisfaction survey instrument is a questionnaire developed in the form of an application where satisfaction assessment is given by the sample by giving an asterisk to the components in the questionnaire. SPSS was used to examine the data. Confidentiality, relevant information, and scientific advancement are all applied in this study. The results of bivariate analysis with the chi square test, it can be seen that most respondents were satisfied with inpatient services at the hospital and made a return visit to the hospital when sick by 214 respondents (76.1%), while the fewest respondents were not satisfied with inpatient services at the hospital, but made a return visit to the hospital when sick by 1 respondent (0.4%). The resulting p value is 0.014, which means that there is a relationship between inpatient services and patient re-visits at the hospital. The resulting relationship strength (OR) value is 10.19, which means that respondents who are satisfied with hospital inpatient services will make a return visit when sick to the same hospital 10.19 times greater than respondents who are not satisfied with hospital inpatient services. The research conclusion is that hospital customer satisfaction will reflect the quality of service that exists from the start of the patient or customer entering the hospital environment to going home or leaving and waiting to return.

The Relationship Between ANC Visit History, Parity and Education on the Incidence of LBW at Pratama Mariana Clinic

Firda Rebiani Br. Purba — 2025-05-19

Background: Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants are those born with a weight of less than 2,500 grams. The incidence of LBW can be influenced by several risk factors, including antenatal care (ANC) visit history, parity, maternal education level, and employment. Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between ANC visit history, parity, and education level with the incidence of LBW at Klinik Pratama Mariana in 2024. Methods: This was a quantitative study with a retrospective design. Data were collected using total sampling through observation sheets and questionnaires completed by respondents. The study population consisted of 55 mothers who gave birth at Klinik Pratama Mariana Tanjung Gusta, with the sample including those who delivered LBW infants. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with the chi-square statistical test. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between irregular ANC visits and the incidence of LBW (p-value = 0.000). High parity (≥3) also showed a significant association with LBW incidence, observed in 92% of respondents (p-value = 0.000). Furthermore, low educational level (<senior high school) was significantly associated with LBW, found in 85% of respondents (p-value = 0.000). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between ANC visit history, parity, and maternal education level with the incidence of LBW. Health workers are expected to enhance monitoring and provide counseling for pregnant women with risk factors to help prevent LBW.

Nutritional Status and Its Impact on Pulmonary Tuberculosis Recurrence at The Surakarta Public Pulmonary Health Center

Eka Febriyanti — 2025-05-19

Malnutrition can weaken the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of tuberculosis (TB) recurrence associated with the nutritional status of TB patients. This study was conducted at the Surakarta Center for Lung Health in 2017 using a case-control design. The study included 15 individuals in the control group (patients who had been cured of TB) and 15 individuals in the case group (patients who experienced TB recurrence). Inclusion criteria for this study were TB patients aged 18-65 years, both male and female, who had completed the full course of TB treatment, and who had complete data on nutritional status measured through Body Mass Index (BMI) and documented dietary intake in medical records. Patients with metabolic disorders or chronic diseases other than TB that could influence nutritional status were excluded. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that patients with poor nutritional status (below the normal BMI) had a significantly higher risk of TB recurrence (p = 0.028). Another finding indicated that patients who had a habit of consuming alcohol also had a higher likelihood of TB recurrence (p = 0.001). The conclusion of this study is that poor nutritional status plays a role in the occurrence of recurrent tuberculosis.

Dissolution Enhancement of Tadalafil Tablets by the complex method of betacyclodextrin inclusion and variation of disintegrating excipients

Rifky Fitrah Rachmawan — 2025-05-20

Tadalafil (TDL) is a drug clinically proven to treat erectile dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and pulmonary hypertension. TDL is classified as a BCS Class II drug, which means it has high permeability but low solubility. Solubility enhancement is achieved through the inclusion complex method and verified by dissolution testing. This study aims to determine the dissolution profile of tadalafil inclusion complex tablets using the β-cyclodextrin (βCD) inclusion complex method with disintegrant variations. The results show that the tablet hardness is: R1 = 6.6 ± 0.5 kgf, R2 = 6.48 ± 1.4 kgf, and R3 = 6.6 ± 1.3 kgf. The disintegration time evaluation shows: R1 = 4.66 ± 1.08 minutes, R2 = 5.08 ± 0.91 minutes, and R3 = 5.1 ± 1.1 minutes. Each formulation's tensile strength test results are: R1 = 1.3 MPa, R2 = 1.3 MPa, and R3 = 1.1 MPa. The average drug content in the inclusion complex tablets is: R1 = 104.11 ± 1%, R2 = 106.23 ± 0.1%, and R3 = 105.09 ± 1.9%. The dissolution profile of the inclusion complex tablets at the 30-minute mark is: R1 = 85.2 ± 4.2%, R2 = 79.7 ± 3.6%, and R3 = 77.4 ± 5.3%. Variations in disintegrants significantly affect the dissolution profile during the early minutes, which impacts the overall dissolution profile. The TDL-βCD inclusion complex method successfully achieved the Q value by the monograph specifications.

The Relationship between Characteristics and Mother's Behavior in Providing Complementary Feeding with the Occurrence of Closed Mouth Movement (GTM) and Nutritional Status of Infants Aged 12-24 Months

Haura Hafiza — 2025-05-20

According to WHO 2022 data, approximately 45 million toddlers worldwide experience wasting, with malnutrition being a major contributor to child mortality. One contributing factor is suboptimal complementary feeding practices. Food Refusal Behavior (FRB), characterized by a child's mouth-closing and eating refusal, is a common phenomenon during complementary feeding that may affect nutritional status. This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at Hj Hanum Clinic with 43 respondents selected through total sampling to analyze the relationship between maternal characteristics/behaviors and the incidence of FRB and nutritional status in infants aged 12-24 months. Data were collected through questionnaires and observations, then analyzed using chi-square tests. Results revealed significant associations between FRB incidence and parity (p<0.001), maternal behavior (p<0.001), and maternal occupation (p=0.002). Similarly, child nutritional status showed significant relationships with these three factors. However, maternal education demonstrated no significant association with either FRB incidence (p=0.539) or child nutritional status (p=0.149). These findings underscore the importance of considering parity and maternal behavior in FRB prevention and nutritional status improvement, while formal maternal education appears non-determinative in this context.

Formulation and Testing of Antioxidant Activity of 70% Ethanol Extract Gel Preparation of Single Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Nadya Ambarwati — 2025-05-20

Single garlic (Allium sativum L.) contains higher bioactive compounds compared to regular garlic. Some of them are organosulfur compounds that give a distinctive aroma and polyphenol compounds as antioxidants. This study aims to formulate a single garlic extract in a gel preparation that can prevent irritation and increase comfort when applied. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics, including organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, particle size, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of the physicochemical characteristics test include the organoleptic test, which has a clear yellow gel texture with a distinctive odor of garlic, pH test on F1, F2, and F3, namely (4.70; 5.07; 5.10), viscosity is (9925.3; 9925.3; 9925 mPas), the spreadability test has met the requirements, and the particle size is (194.23; 206.19; 1751.495 nm). The IC50 values for F1, F2, and F3 gel preparations were 128.2451 ppm, 110.279 ppm, and 89.2796 ppm, respectively, indicating moderate antioxidant activity for F1 and F2, and strong antioxidant activity for F3. It can be concluded that the three gel preparations have met the requirements of the physicochemical characteristics test, then statistically analyzed using the OneWay ANOVA method so that it shows the effect of the amount of single garlic extract concentration on the three gel preparations. The IC₅₀ results of the three gel preparations were analyzed by Paired T-test, showing the effect of the amount of concentration of a single garlic extract as evidenced by a sig value of 0.012 <0.05.

The Relationship Between Complementary Feeding for Infants Aged 3-5 Months and the Incidence of Obesity in Tanjung Gusta Village

Mona Vebiyanti Gultom — 2025-05-20

Background: Obesity is a medical condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation that exceeds standard weight-for-height thresholds. One of the factors causing obesity is diet and nutritional intake, so obesity greatly affects children's growth and development. Globally, around 42 million children under five suffer from obesity, representing a major public health concern. One of the factors causing obesity in babies is early provision of MPASI. Objective: To find out whether MPASI at the age of 3-5 months is related to the incidence of obesity in the Tanjung Gusta Village Area. Method: This research uses a quantitative type of research with a cross sectional research design. This research uses data collection methods for measuring body weight (BB) and height (TB), as well as questionnaires which are filled out by respondents according to the instructions given. The type of data collected in this research is primary data obtained directly from respondents through a questionnaire which includes questions related to dependent and independent variables, as well as secondary data obtained by researchers indirectly through midwives in the Tanjung Gusta Village Area. Where researchers want to know the relationship between giving MP-ASI to babies 3-5 with the incidence of obesity in the Tanjung Gusta Village area. Results: It can be seen from the results of the chi-square correlation test of the relationship between giving MP-ASI to babies aged 3-5 months and the incidence of obesity in the Tanjung Gusta Village area. The test was carried out using the chi-square correlation test and obtained an Asymp Sig of 0.002 < 0 .05 means there is a relationship between giving MP-ASI to babies aged 3-5 months and the incidence of obesity in the Tanjung Gusta Village area.

Vitamin C Composition and Antioxidant Activity Assessment of Herbal Kombucha Tea from Bidara Leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam)

Anggi Yani Siagian — 2025-05-21

Background: Bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) have long been used in traditional medicine due to their bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and vitamin C. Fermenting bidara leaves into kombucha has the potential to enhance antioxidant activity through bioconversion processes carried out by starter microbes (Acetobacter xylinum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). However, scientific data regarding the vitamin C profile and antioxidant activity of bidara leaf kombucha remain limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of bidara leaf herbal kombucha, as well as to characterize the quality of the simplisia based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 4324:2014. Methods: This descriptive study involved: (1) preparation of bidara leaf simplisia, (2) 12-day kombucha fermentation, (3) phytochemical screening, (4) determination of vitamin C content using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (λ = 266 nm), and (5) antioxidant activity assay using the DPPH method (λ = 517 nm). Results: The bidara leaf simplisia met the SNI quality standards, with a moisture content of 5.33% and a total ash content of 6.73%. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids/triterpenoids, and alkaloids. The vitamin C content of the kombucha was 0.009 mg/g, while the IC₅₀ value for antioxidant activity was 621.2158 µg/mL, which falls into the weak category. Conclusion: Bidara leaf kombucha contains bioactive compounds and vitamin C, with weak antioxidant activity. Fermentation increases antioxidant activity compared to non-fermented bidara tea infusion (IC₅₀ = 1129.0069 µg/mL), although it remains lower than that of pure vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 3.0710 µg/mL).

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Killing Concentration of Cabbage Leaf Ethanol Extract and Nanoparticles (Brassica oleracea L.) Against Malassezia furfur

Intan Maya Rafika — 2025-05-26

Background: Dandruff is a condition characterized by excessive shedding of dead skin cells on the scalp, often accompanied by itching and inflammation. The causes of dandruff can be related to excessive secretion of sweat glands or the presence of microorganisms on the scalp that produce specific metabolites that trigger dandruff formation. The organism believed to be the leading cause of dandruff is Malassezia furfur. Treatment for dandruff can be done through various methods, one of which is using natural extracts, such as ethanol cabbage extract, known for its antifungal properties. In this study, the ethanol cabbage extract will be synthesized into nanoparticle form to enhance its effectiveness. Objective: The objective of this study is to create nanoparticles from ethanol cabbage extract and to compare the antifungal activity of the cabbage extract and the nanoparticle extract of cabbage against Malassezia furfur, focusing on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Method: This study was conducted experimentally, and two variables were tested. The independent variables included the concentration of cabbage extract (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%) and nanoparticle cabbage extract (0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%). The dependent variables were the antifungal activity measured by MIC and MFC tests against Malassezia furfur. Nanoparticles were synthesized using the top-down method with high-speed homogenization (HSH) technique. The particle size characterization was performed using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Results: Particle size characterization showed that the particle size of cabbage extract was 2203.45 nm, while the nanoparticle size after synthesis was 408.33 nm. Based on the MIC and MFC tests, it was found that the nanoparticle ethanol cabbage extract at a concentration of 1.25% was more effective than the ethanol cabbage extract at 12.5%. Additionally, the MFC value of the nanoparticle ethanol cabbage extract at a concentration of 5% was more effective than that of the ethanol cabbage extract at 50%. Both preparations demonstrated good sensitivity against Malassezia furfur. Conclusion: Nanoparticle ethanol cabbage extract showed better antifungal activity than the ethanol cabbage extract at higher concentrations. These results indicate that using nanoparticles can reduce the required dosage to achieve optimal effectiveness, thus improving the efficiency of the drug in dandruff treatment.

Characterization, Screening, and Antibacterial Activity Assay of Ethanol Extract of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) Flowers Against Staphylococcus aureus

Ardina Khairunnisa — 2025-05-26

Background: Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) is a traditional medicinal plant with potential antibacterial properties due to its secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium causing various infections, and increasing antibiotic resistance necessitates alternative treatments. This study aims to explore the antibacterial potential of torch ginger flower ethanol extract against S. aureus. Objective: This research aimed to characterize the phytochemical content of torch ginger flowers, screen for bioactive compounds, and evaluate their antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Methods: The study employed an experimental design, including phytochemical screening, ethanol extraction (maceration), and antibacterial testing using the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. The ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibition zones of 11.9 mm (weak) at 10%, 16.1 mm (moderate) at 30%, and 21.3–22.5 mm (strong) at 50–90%. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (p < 0.05) between concentrations. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of torch ginger flowers demonstrated dose-dependent antibacterial activity against S. aureus, supporting its potential as a natural antibacterial agent.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Killing Concentration of the Extract and Nanoparticles of Pometia pinnata Leaf Extract Against Staphyloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli

Suyefri Sony — 2025-05-27

Background: Infectious diseases caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus have become a global health issue. Matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata) are known to contain antibacterial compounds that hold potential as alternative treatments. Objective: This study aimed to produce nanoparticles from the ethanol extract of matoa leaves and compare the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of both the extract and its nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This experimental research used different concentrations of matoa leaf ethanol extract (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) and nanoparticle extract (0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%). Nanoparticle characterization was performed using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Results: The nanoparticle characterization showed a size of 528.95 nm. The MIC value of the matoa leaf extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 12.5%, while for the nanoparticles, it was 1.25%. The MBC value of the matoa leaf extract was 50%, and for the nanoparticles, it was 5%. The highest antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract was 18.3 mm and 18.4 mm, while for the nanoparticles, it was 18.5 mm and 19.0 mm. Conclusion: The nanoparticle extract of matoa leaves was more effective in inhibiting and killing bacteria compared to the regular extract, with a lower dose (1:10), showing its potential as an efficient antibacterial alternative.

Formulation, Evaluation, and Determination of SPF Value and Moisture Test of Stick Blush with Dayak Onion Extract (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.)

Septi Ratna Cempaka Hutagalung — 2025-05-27

Background: Blush is traditionally used to add color to cheeks, but UV exposure poses significant skin damage risks. Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia), containing anthocyanins as natural pigments and photoprotective compounds, shows potential as a multifunctional blush ingredient. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine whether Bawang Dayak can be formulated as a natural colorant for blushers, whether Bawang Dayak extract possesses sun protection properties, and whether the ethanol extract of Bawang Dayak blusher has sun protection and skin moisturizing abilities. Methods: An experimental study employing quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted. The research stages included material characterization, phytochemical screening, SPF testing of extract and formulations, physical quality evaluation (homogeneity, stability, adhesiveness), and in vivo skin hydration testing. Ethanolic Dayak onion extract samples were prepared at varying concentrations (100-1000 ppm). Results: The ethanolic extract was successfully formulated into stick blush meeting standard physical quality criteria. The extract demonstrated ultra SPF ratings (1000 ppm: SPF 32; 700 ppm: SPF 25; 500 ppm: SPF 21) to minimal protection (100 ppm: SPF 4). The 1000 ppm blush formulation showed ultra SPF 29, while the 700 ppm formula (F2) exhibited the highest skin moisturizing capacity. Conclusion: Dayak onion shows promise as both a natural colorant and active sunscreen agent in blush formulations. The developed product meets physical quality standards while offering dual functionality as a color cosmetic with UV protection.