Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Potential of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Ketoacidosis in Diabetic Patients

Rachel Noveriachristie Balapadang — 2024-10-31

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease with an increasing prevalence every year, especially type 2 DM. Before insulin as a DM therapy, the ketogenic diet was known as the main nonpharmacological therapy, which is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and low-carbohydrate intake diet. A ketogenic diet causes the ketogenesis process and produces ketone bodies, one of which is beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) which has various therapeutic effects such as lowering blood sugar levels. This study is a narrative review compiled by searching the literature on Google Scholar and PubMed databases with keywords related to the research topic. Bibliometric analysis was also carried out with VOSviewer software to determine the keywords relevant to the research topic. The results of the reviews that have been carried out show that BHB has the potential as a therapeutic agent in patients with DM2 with various mechanisms of action in lowering blood sugar levels including increased insulin secretion, suppression of lipolysis, and decreased Ala release. BHB as a supplement has been widely studied for its therapeutic effects but it is necessary to pay attention to the side effects that can occur such as ketoacidosis.

The relationship of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) with the incident of cardiovascular disease: is the existing evidence consistent?

Indah Fitriani — 2024-10-21

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pose ongoing global health challenges. This literature review evaluates the relationship between HIV infection and increased cardiovascular diseases, outlining findings from sixteen observational studies. Key findings involve an elevated risk of hypertension, coronary artery disease, sudden cardiac death, and cardiovascular risk factors among HIV patients. Additionally, antiretroviral therapy (ART) side effects are highlighted, including specific impacts of certain drugs. The gender of HIV/AIDS patients also plays a role in cardiovascular risk profiles. The study details the pathophysiological mechanisms, such as immune activation and inflammation, involved in the heightened cardiovascular risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS. This study underscores the importance of a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular health impacts on the HIV/AIDS population to guide informed therapeutic choices for preventing cardiovascular status deterioration.

Review: Identification of the main bioactive compounds in leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae) and their pharmacological potential

Christel Sambou — 2024-12-18

Clerodendrum minahassae leaves contain various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic acids, contributing to their pharmacological activity. This study aims to identify the main bioactive compounds in Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae) and their pharmacological potential through a literature review of various relevant scientific sources. The methodology employed includes systematic observation and meta-analysis. This review article describes the compounds present in Leilem leaves and evaluates their pharmacological activities, thereby enhancing the understanding of this underexplored medicinal plant. The findings indicate that Leilem leaves hold substantial potential as a source of bioactive molecules with diverse pharmacological properties. Based on a review of multiple scientific research articles, it can be concluded that Leilem leaves exhibit considerable efficacy in antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, as well as in reducing blood glucose levels.

Topical effects of cinnamon leaf extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) gel as an incision wound healer in male white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Fathnur Sani Kasmadi — 2024-10-21

Cinnamon leaves (Cinnamomum burmannii) are plants that have many pharmacological effects. One of them is as a wound healer. The gel formulation becomes a convenient therapeutic solution for use. This study aimed to determine the impact of gel preparations on the healing of incision wounds in male white rabbits. The research method uses experimental methods. The test animal was injured on its back using a tool with a diameter of 2.5cm. There are five treatment groups used, namely: positive control (Bioplasenton), negative control (gel base), Formula 1 (extract 2.5%), Formula 2 (extract 5%), and Formula 3 (extract 7.5%). The results of wound healing observations were analysed using one-way ANOVA with a confidence level of 95%. The results showed that the best formula for wound healing is formula 2. Then, formula three and formula 1 had a significance value between groups of 0.05.

Antipyretic activity test of ethanol extract of peacock flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) on male mice (Mus musculus) induced DPT-HB Vaccine

Icha Handayana — 2024-10-21

Peacock flower leaves are an ornamental plant Indonesian people use to decorate their yards. Peacock flower leaves contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and calcium oxalate. Peacock flower leaves are often used as an antipyretic, antibacterial, and liver inflammation. Fever is common in children and adults. The use of paracetamol at this time is usually found in the community, but the use of paracetamol has adverse side effects. The research aims to determine the antipyretic activity of the ethanol extract of peacock flower leaves. This study was experimental; the research method was carried out by screening phytochemicals and administering a suspension of peacock flower leaf extract given orally at a dose of 50,100,200mg/kg in male mice induced with DPT-HB. Paracetamol was used as a comparison, and then the body temperature of the mice was measured using a thermometer every 30 minutes for 3 hours (180 minutes) rectally. Data were analysed using SPSS ver.24 One Way ANOVA and continued with the Tukey test. The results of the phytochemical screening of simplicia powders and extracts contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids/steroids and glycosides. The antipyretic activity obtained in each treatment significantly affected the One-way ANOVA and Tukey test results with a P <0.05. The results showed that peacock flower leaf extract had antipyretic activity, and the greatest antipyretic activity was at a dose of 100mg/kg BW with a very significant difference with 1% Paracetamol. It can be concluded that peacock flower leaf extract has the most effective antipyretic activity at a dose of 100mg/kg BB.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans) from southern Aceh Province, Indonesia.

Saiful Azhari — 2024-10-21

The nutmeg fruit (Myristica fragrans) shows the presence of secondary metabolite compounds and has antioxidant activity. The nutmeg examined in this study is the flesh of the fruit and dried for seven days to obtain simplisia. The extraction process is by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Based on the results of phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts of nutmeg flesh showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds, which are groups of alkaloids, steroids, saponins and flavonoids. The results of antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh have an IC50 value of 22.88 ppm. In this study using vitamin C as a positive control for comparison with the IC50 value obtained is 3.82 ppm. The more secondary metabolite compounds in an extract, the higher the antioxidant activity.

The Influence of Resilience on Psychological Well-Being in Independent Student Exchange Program (PMM2) Students at the Helvetia Health Institute in 2022

Rahmawati Tarigan — 2024-10-31

When a change occurs unexpectedly, a person must adapt to unpleasant conditions and find a way out of the problems experienced. These changes certainly affect the psychological condition of students who move from one province to another and temporarily change their place of study. This study was conducted to obtain a picture of the resilience and psychological well-being of students in the Independent Student Exchange Program (PMM2) at the Helvetia Health Institute in 2022 in facing different situations, such as different lecture systems and cultures from their home areas, and whether there is an influence between resilience and the psychological well-being of students in the Independent Student Exchange Program (PMM2) at the Helvetia Health Institute in 2022. This study uses a quantitative approach. The research participants were 30 Independent Student Exchange Program (PMM2) students. Data was collected using two scales, namely the resilience and psychological well-being questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using a simple linear regression test.

Method Validation of Curcumin Content Determination in Curcuma Rhizome Extract Tablets (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) by HPLC

Ramadhan Idam Choliq — 2024-10-31

Curcuma rhizome contains antioxidants, where the compound that acts as an antioxidant is curcumin. Temulawak rhizome extract tablets as a supporting supplement for the treatment process of diseases such as liver function disorders, ulcers, coughs, diarrhea, and constipation. This study was conducted to obtain a valid method in determining curcumin levels in temulawak rhizome extract tablet preparations by HPLC. The stages carried out in this study were the preparation of the mobile phase, standard preparation, HPLC optimization, sample preparation, and method validation. Validation consists of several parameters, namely linearity, LOD and LOQ, selectivity, precision, and accuracy. In the curcumin standard all parameters have met the requirements, linearity (r = 0.9975), LOD (6.5420 mg/L) and LOQ (21.8067 mg/L), selectivity (Rs = 1.7139). In brand A curcumin tablets, precision (RSD < 5.7%), while for accuracy (recovery 90-107%). The selected method can be used for the determination of curcumin content in temulawak rhizome extract tablet preparations.

Functional snack sus khi-yam: organoleptic and chemical test of mung bean and spinach dry éclairs for anemia prevention

Eka Nenni Jairani — 2024-10-31

Background: Anemia is when the hemoglobin levels in the blood are lower than the normal range. Anemia can be prevented by consuming foods that are high in protein, iron, and vitamin C. Mung beans (Vigna Radiata) and green spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) are foods rich in iron and vitamin C so that they can help hemoglobin formation. Dry Eclairs is a snack enjoyed by all age groups. Adding mung bean flour and spinach flour to prepare dry eclairs aims to make it a healthy snack to prevent anemia. Objectives: The research seeks to determine the organoleptic and chemical test results of dried éclair with mung beans and spinach (Sus Khi-Yam). Methods: The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with three treatments (F1, F2, and F3) and two repetitions, resulting in 6 experimental units. The Organoleptic test was conducted with 40 untrained panelists. The Chemical analysis was carried out to determine the levels of iron, antioxidants, vitamin C, fiber, and ash. Results: The organoleptic test showed that the most preferred color by the panelists was in treatment F1, with a preference level of 3.55. For flavor, treatment F2 was the most preferred by the panelists, with a preference level of 3.40. The most preferred taste was also found in the F2 treatment, with a score of 3.50. Meanwhile, the texture of the three treatments did not show significant differences in panelist preference. The Chemical test indicated that the F2 treatment had higher fiber, iron, and antioxidant content than other treatments. Conclusion: Panelist acceptance of Sus Khi-Yam snacks for all treatments (F1, F2, and F3) is acceptable, but the best Sus Khi-Yam snacks according to panelists in terms of color are in F1 treatment, the best Sus Khi-Yam snacks according to panelists in terms of texture are in F3 treatment and the best Sus Khi-Yam snacks according to panelists in terms of taste and aroma are in F2 treatment.

Optimization of Antiaging Serum Preparation with Ethanol Extract for Baby Corn (Zea Mays L.) Hair

Vika Rizky Dwi Septyani — 2024-10-31

Skin is one of the organs that serve to protect the body from external influences. Exposure to free radicals causes skin damage, so antioxidant compounds are needed. Baby corn (Zea mays L.) hair contains flavonoids that have the potential to be antioxidants so that they can be formulated into an optimum serum preparation. This experimental study aims to determine the optimal formula concentration and antioxidant activity of anti-aging serum preparation of ethanol extract of Hair (Zea Mays L.). The optimum formula was obtained from the data analysis of Design Expert 13 Simplex Lattice Design method with variations in the concentration of Karbopol and TEA. The results showed that the variation of Karbopol and TEA concentrations affected the physical quality evaluation. The desirability value was 0.903, and the optimum formula concentration was obtained at Karbopol 1.7795% and TEA I2.294%. Data analysis of the optimum formula using the Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test and One Sample T-Test Test resulted in normally distributed data and no significant difference with the predicted value. The antioxidant activity test result of the optimum formula was 65.08 μg/ml with a strong category.

The Effect of Consuming Green Coconut Water on Reducing Dysmenorrhea Pain in Female Students at SMA PAB 6 Helvetia Medan in 2022

Marlina Marlina — 2024-10-31

The problem of menstrual pain is the problem most often complained of when women come to the doctor regarding menstruation. Menstrual pain can attack women who menstruate at any age. There is no age limit, and it is often accompanied by aggravating conditions such as dizziness, cold sweats, and even fainting. The research aimed to determine how giving young green coconut water reduces dysmenorrhea pain in adolescents. This research method uses a pre-experimental design using a one-group pre-test post-test approach. The research population was 40 people, and a quota sampling technique was used. The population in this study was young people, and the sample size was 17 respondents. Based on the results of statistical tests using the Wilcoxon test, the Asymp.The sig (2-tailed) value was 0.00; this value is smaller than the alpha (α) value of 0.05. so it can be concluded that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, so it can be concluded that there is a significant effect before and after being given a drink of young green coconut water on reducing dysmenorrhea pain. The results of this study concluded that young green coconut water had a significant effect on lowering dysmenorrhea pain.

Test The Effectiveness Of Catharanthus roseus Leaf Extract On Healing Incision Wounds On Rabbit Back Skin

Galih Samodra — 2024-11-01

Incision wounds are a form of damage to body tissues caused by sharp objects and can cause bleeding by involving the role of hemostasis so that inflammation occurs. One medicinal plant with potential as traditional medicine is the Catharanthus roseus leaf because it contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. This study aims to determine the effect of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract on the healing of wounds on the skin of rabbit backs. Observations were made for 14 days on three rabbits whose backs were divided into six areas. In certain areas, it is wound along 2 cm with a depth of 0.1 cm to apply Catharanthus roseus leaf test ointment 2 times a day. Rabbits were tested with five treatment groups: extract concentration of 25%, 50%, and 75%, and positive control and negative control. The results showed that the wounds were positive by days 8 and 9, 75% concentration had closed, and all rabbits had no scabs. The results of statistical tests showed that blood tread leaf extract affected the parameter of wound length in rabbits, which was 0.000 (p˂0.05). It can be concluded that the preparation of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract with concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% provides the effectiveness of healing incision wounds in rabbits.

The effect of turmeric parent extract gel (Curcuma longa Linn) on incision wound healing in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Vera Estefania Kaban — 2024-11-02

One plant that has been shown to aid wound healing is turmeric. Turmeric has been scientifically proven to have choleretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Turmeric contains curcumin, which has antibacterial and antioxidant qualities that can accelerate the migration and re-epithelialization of cells useful in wound healing, including myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages. This study aimed to determine the effect of turmeric mother extract gel on wound healing in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study was conducted using experimental tests. Turmeric extract was prepared using 96% ethanol solvent with a maceration process. A 2 cm long incision wound was made on the back of white rats. The test animals were then divided into five groups to receive different treatments. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received turmeric mother extract gel with concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%, while Group 1 was negative control and Group 2 was positive control. The results showed that the incision wounds in male white rats could heal faster - on average, about 7.10 days - when treated with 96% ethanol extract of turmeric mother with doses of 1%, 5%, and 10%. This study concludes that a 10% turmeric mother extract gel is the best method to accelerate wound healing.

Therapeutic Communication in Improving Nursing Services at Mitra Medika Tanjung Mulia Hospital

Asrul Asrul — 2024-11-02

Through communication, relationships, and trust can be established between individuals. Communication plays a significant role, as every human has the inherent ability to communicate, even if methods vary widely. This is equally true for the demands of the nursing profession. Nurses are not only required to possess medical and health knowledge but must also demonstrate communication skills that are clear, effective, and purposeful. Additionally, nurses must maintain a high moral responsibility in their communication, characterized by empathy, compassion, and a willingness to assist. This study aims to enhance the quality of nurse services in hospitals, particularly in addressing the diverse characteristics and physical or psychological conditions of patients, demanding effective communication skills to accurately understand and meet patient needs. Communication challenges among nurses present a serious issue, as poor communication can negatively impact patients’ comfort and, ultimately, their healing process. This study utilizes an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This design allows for the comparison of results before and after an intervention, helping to measure the impact of the treatment. The population includes all 266 inpatient nurses at Mitra Medika Tanjung Mulia Hospital in Medan, with a purposive sample of 59 nurses. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests. Results indicate that therapeutic communication plays a critical role in supporting patient recovery. To achieve this, nurses must continuously improve their knowledge and therapeutic communication skills within their clinical practice.

Herbal toothpaste formulation of ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and antibacterial activity test against Streptococcus mutans bacteria

Yuliandini Rati — 2024-11-04

Dental and oral disease is a disease experienced by almost half of the world's population (3.58 billion people). Gum (periodontal) disease is the 11^th most common disease in the world. One of the dental and oral diseases that has a fairly high prevalence in Indonesia is dental caries. The aim of this research was to evaluate the physical quality of toothpaste preparations with various concentrations (10%, 30% and 50%) and to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract toothpaste preparations from butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) against the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.The stages of this research included processing plant materials, making ethanol extract of butterfly pea with ethanol 96% solvent, characterization examination, screening of phytochemicals, making herbal toothpaste preparations of butterfly pea extract, preparation evaluation, and testing the antibacterial activity of butterfly pea toothpaste against Streptococcus mutans using the well-diffusion method. Based on the research results, it can be seen that the antibacterial activity of the formula with the greatest zones of bacterial inhibition is F1 and F2, namely 21.85 mm and 21.15 mm with very strong inhibition criteria. The conclusion of this study is that herbal toothpaste with butterfly pea extract can prevent and treat dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Antioxidant activity test of ethanol extract of Helixanthera cylindrica (Jack) Danser mistletoe leaves on Moringa oleifera plants using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method

Nerni Olvi Potalangi — 2024-11-05

Free radicals can originate from within the human body as a result of metabolic processes from chemical reactions in the body, as well as from external sources or the environment, including emissions from motor vehicles, air pollution from factories, industrial chemicals, food and beverage substances, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight. Antioxidants are components that can prevent cells or molecules from being oxidised by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals. The impact of the reactivity of free radical compounds can result in cell or tissue damage, degenerative diseases, and even cancer. One of the parasites on the moringa plant, namely Helixanthera cylindrica (Jack) Danser, contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. This research aimed to determine whether the leaves of the Helixanthera cylindrica (Jack) Danser mistletoe have antioxidant activity using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The research method is a laboratory experiment with five concentrations and three repetitions. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity testing is conducted qualitatively using the DPPH method at a wavelength of 517 nm and utilising a Spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Based on the results of the antioxidant test, the extract of Helixanthera cylindrica (Jack) Danser leaves has extreme activity with an IC₅₀ value of 28.74 ppm. In contrast, the comparison, vitamin C has an IC₅₀ value of 1.57 ppm. The regression equation for the concentration of the mistletoe is y=0.3344x + 40.389 with an R² value of 0.9726, and Vitamin C shows y=4.4065x + 43.079 with an R² value of 0.9677. It can be concluded that the leaves of Helixanthera cylindrica (Jack) Danser on the Moringa oleifera plant have extreme antioxidant activity.

Antibacterial of mangrove root infusion Sonneratia alba on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Aletheia Marvla Windi Tuda — 2024-11-05

Antibacterial is a substance that stops and kills the growth of bacteria. Mangrove Sonneratia alba is an exciting plant to use as a medicine because of its antibacterial properties. Secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, phenols, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids present in the roots are antimicrobial. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of mangrove root infusion of Sonneratia alba in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This laboratory study uses the agar diffusion technique with a well to test antibacterial. Using three concentrations, namely 25%, 50%, and 100%, this study found that the infusion of the roots of the Sonneratia alba mangrove 25%, 50%, and 100% showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that Escherichia coli bacteria showed a P value of 0.010<0.05 and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a P value of 0.011<0.05, which showed that there was a significant difference between the two types of bacteria because the significant value was less than 0.05.

Formulation of aloe vera (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) meat toothpaste and antibacterial activity tests on Streptococcus mutans bacteria

Cut Meutia — 2024-11-06

Introduction: Aloe vera (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) is a plant that contains 95% water. The rest is in the form of other active ingredients (essential oils, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and glycoproteins). The type of aloe vera used to make herbal aloe vera is the Barbadensis type, which contains substances for human needs, such as Vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C. This plant can also cure diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases. Aloe vera can be formulated into toothpaste preparations because it can improve hygiene and reduce plaque in the mouth. Objective: This study aimed to make a new formulation of (aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) as a toothpaste preparation and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: This study uses an experimental method. In this study, aloe vera was formulated as toothpaste. The physical evaluation carried out included tests for water content, total ash content, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content, acid-insoluble extract content, organoleptic test, oh test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, adhesion test, test viscosity, and foam formation test. Results: Based on the research results, it can be seen that aloe vera flesh has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Conclusion: This research concludes to make a new formulation of (aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) as a toothpaste preparation and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

The Influence of EMO DEMO Infant and Child Feeding (PMBA) on Increasing Mother's Knowledge as an Effort to Prevent Stunting in Toddlers at the Serengeti Melati Health Post

Yulita Yulita — 2024-11-20

The problem of stunting does not only occur in Indonesia, but is also a global issue. The high rate of stunting in children under 5 years of age requires serious attention because it can affect their growth and development. Infant and young child feeding practices (PMBA) have great benefits in preventing stunting and supporting optimal growth and development processes. Inappropriate feeding in infants and toddlers can be one of the factors causing growth and development disorders known as stunting. This study aims to determine the effect of infant and young child feeding through emo-demo as an effort to prevent stunting in toddlers. The type of research is a quasi-experiment, with a one-group pretest-posttest design with a sample size of 30 mothers of toddlers. The results showed that there was an increase in the median score of maternal knowledge before and after being given an emo demo with a P-value of 0.000. The conclusion is that there is an effect of the emo demo about MP-ASI on changes in maternal knowledge before and after being given an emo demo at Posyandu.

Production of lip balm with nano extract of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and rosella flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a natural moisturizer

Miftahul Jannah — 2024-11-20

One of the most sensitive parts of the outer skin on the face is the lips, as they are prone to extreme weather conditions such as heat and cold, which can cause dryness and chapping. To address this condition, it is essential to use a lip balm. One of the plants used as an active ingredient in lip balm formulations is beetroot and rosella flower. Nanoparticle-based cosmetics have advantages over micro-scale cosmetics. The objective of this research was to determine whether nano extracts of beetroot and rosella flower can be formulated into a lip balm preparation, whether beetroot and rosella flower extracts meet the characteristic requirements as nano extracts, and whether lip balm formulations from beetroot and rosella flower can be used as moisturizers. This research method is true experimental with a post-test control group design, where the results were observed after the treatment. The study uses samples of beetroot and rosella flowers. The stages of this research include sample preparation, characterization of simplicia, phytochemical screening, extraction and nano-extraction, lip balm formulation, physical quality evaluation, and moisture testing. The research results show that beetroot and rosella flower contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and anthocyanins. The beetroot and rosella flower extracts meet the characteristics of nanoextracts, with particle sizes of 261.64 nm for beetroot and 143.86 nm for rosella flowers. Beetroot and rosella flower formulated into a lip balm preparation can moisturize the lips, as evidenced by increased moisture and oil content on the lip skin before and after the preparation.

Optimization of aqueous extraction methods for Japanese taro (Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott)) tuber: analysis of antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content, and luteolin content

Yesi Desmiaty — 2024-11-20

Japanese taro (Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott)) is one of the edible plants that contain phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, tannins, and vitamin C which are beneficial to the health of the human body. The compound is also known to have antioxidant activity. Proper extraction can produce quality extracts. This study aims to optimize the extraction method on Japanese taro tubers. Taro tuber was extracted using water with three different temperatures (room temperature, 40℃, and 60℃). The ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract, in addition to determining the total flavonoid content by colorimetric test, and also analyzing the luteolin content by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Densitometry. The total flavonoid content of Taro extracts at room temperature (TERT), 40℃ (TE 40), and 60℃ (TE 60) were 13.97±3.52 mg QE/gr extract; 7.99±2.10 mg QE/gr extract; and 5.98±0.49 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. Luteolin content of TERT, TE40, and TE60 were 0.27%±0.08; 0.25%±0.06; and 0.31%±0.05, respectively. Antioxidant IC₅₀values of TERT, TE40, and TE60 were 120.32, 137.03, and 159.37 µg/mL, respectively. The study shows that the greater the temperature in the extraction process, the less flavonoid and antioxidant compounds content. While there is a slight difference in determining luteolin levels, optimum luteolin content is obtained at 60°C for 6 hours.

The formulation of the lip moisturizer contains an extract from plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca L).

Runisya Maugin Utami Siregar — 2024-11-20

Lip balm is a care product that can keep your lips moist, which is a type of ointment used to treat dry and chapped lips. The benefit of using lip balm for lips is to regulate lip moisture. Lip balms are generally clear or colorless, although recently colored variants have also been created. To find out whether the extract of plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca L) can be formulated in the form of lip balm preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lip balm preparations could be used as moisturizers. To find out lip balm preparations well made and of good physical quality. This research method is experimental. Collection of plants was carried out purposively, ie without comparison with other areas. The sample used was the skin of fresh ripe plantains obtained from the Simpang Limun market in Medan. This study included quality inspection preparations, moisture effectiveness test preparations, irritation tests on formulations and hedonic tests on variations in preparations made. The results of this study indicate that extracts of plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca L) with concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% can be formulated in the form of lip balm preparations. Formula 5 with a concentration of 15% showed the best lip balm preparation by fulfilling the requirements for physical quality, effectiveness and safety. With a preference value of 5 (like very much), has a melting point of 57'C and has a pH of 5.9 so it does not cause skin irritation and is stable at room temperature storage for 28 days. Lip balm preparations made using cocoa butter base are safe to use and meet the standards..

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity test of Sonneratia alba root extract against burns in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Jeane Mongi — 2024-11-22

Burns caused by inflammation can lead to severe and potentially fatal conditions, especially if the burn is located in a very sensitive area of the body or if the burn becomes infected. Untreated inflammation can cause very severe inflammation, which can damage cells, tissues, or organs. The roots of Sonneratia alba contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins that can help heal burns. The aim of this research is to determine the phytochemistry and the effects of the ethanolic extract of Sonneratia alba roots on the healing of burn wounds on rat skin. Research Method: The research uses an experimental method. The research includes the extraction stage, using 96% ethanol as a solvent in the maceration process, and the ethanol extract of S. alba roots is screened for its chemical content. Testing phase of the anti-inflammatory activity of Sonneratia alba mangrove root extract on burn wound healing. Experimental animals used were 15 Rattus norvegicus rats divided into 5 groups with different concentrations of 3 treatments, that is: the positive control group with Bioplacenton gel, the negative control group with Aquadest, the group with 15% ethanol extract of S. alba root, the group with 30% ethanol extract of S. alba root, and the group with 45% ethanol extract of S. alba root. During the observation phase, the measurement of burn healing diameter was conducted over 32 days using callipers. The research result show that the ethanol extract of Sonneratia alba roots contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds. The 15%, 30%, and 45% concentrations of the ethanol extract of Sonneratia alba roots have the potential to heal burns in rats. Ethanolic root extract showed an increase in healing power after the 20th day, faster than Biopalcenton gel.

Formulasi sediaan nanokrim pemutih kombinasi pati bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) dan pati air beras (Oryza sativa L.)

Hijrotun Nur — 2024-12-20

Whitening cosmetics have become a popular choice in modern society, with the perception that beauty is associated with white skin. The high market demand is an opportunity for cosmetic business actors but it also increases the risk of illegal cosmetic production containing hazardous materials such as hydroquinone. One of the cosmetic ingredients that is often found in whitening creams containing hydroquinone, which is effective in removing dark spots, has the risk of serious side effects. Therefore, it is advisable to find a safe, natural alternative for long-term skin whitening. Jicama starch and rice water starch are natural choices for whitening cosmetics. Nanoparticle-based cosmetics are superior to micro-scale cosmetics. The objective of the research was to determine whether a combination of jicama starch and rice water starch whitening cream can meet the characteristic requirements of a nano cream, to determine all concentrations of jicama starch and rice water starch whitening nano cream that meet the physical quality requirements and to determine all concentrations of jicama starch and rice water starch whitening nano cream have different effectiveness. This research method was True Experimental with Post Test Only Control Group Design research design. The independent variables are variations in the concentration of yam starch and rice water starch. The dependent variables were sample characteristics, characteristics of the whitening nano cream formulation and nano cream effectiveness test. The results showed that yam starch and rice water starch had effectiveness as whitener with a concentration of f3 (5:5) water content of 55.67%, sebum of 16% and pigment of 15.67%. The whitening cream met the characteristics of a nano cream with particle sizes of f0: 134.04, f1: 1849.20, f2: 147.64 and f3: 188.14 nm. Yam starch and rice water starch in the preparation of the whitening nano cream meet the physical quality requirements.