Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

The effectiveness of food and drug monitoring performance in the working area of the Balai Besar Pengawas Obat dan Makanan in Bandung

Levina Aristawidya — 2025-02-09

The increasing demand for drugs and food will have an impact on the production and distribution of drugs and food which is increasingly widespread. The widespread distribution of drugs and food has caused public health problems related to quality and safety that do not meet standards, so that it is necessary to increase drug supervision both pre-market and post-market by the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC). Therefore, this article aims to determine the effectiveness of the monitoring performance of drug and food production and distribution facilities carried out by one of the Technical Implementation Units of Indonesia NADFC, namely Balai Besar POM in Bandung The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative using primary data from performance reports from the Balai Besar POM in Bandung from years 2020 to 2023. Based on the achievement of performance indicators, the implementation of supervision activities for drug and food production and distribution facilities by the POM Center in Bandung is considered quite effective as evidenced by the Performance Achievement Value which is always above 100% from year to year. The overall achievement value and performance efficiency from 2020 to 2023, respectively, include 104.66%; 101.38%; 107.60%; and 103.82%. However, if we look closely at the realization value per indicator each year, there are several indicators that have not reached the 2020-2024 strategic plan target so that further efforts are needed to improve and maximize the performance achievement value. These efforts can be successful if accompanied by collaboration and synergy of all stakeholders so that the public receives quality and safe drug and food products according to standards.

Formulation of used tea bags nano powder facial mask and antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Fikriyah Hafni Matondang — 2025-01-03

The increase in the cosmetic industry has caused a variety of facial mask products to circulate on the market, making it difficult for consumers to find one that suits their skin condition. Masks from well-known brands are easy to get, but some cause skin problems. Since ancient times, Indonesians have used plants as medicines and cosmetic ingredients for skin care. Tea can be processed into new active ingredients such as antioxidants, antibacterials, and anti-aging for cosmetics. Nanoparticle-based cosmetics are superior to micro-scale cosmetics. The objective of the research was to determine whether used tea bag powder meets the characteristic requirements as nanopowder, to determine whether used tea bag nanopowder in facial mask preparations meets the physical quality requirements, and to determine whether used tea bag nano powder facial mask preparations has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research method was true experimental with post test only control group design research design. The independent variables are tea bag powder and nanopowder and powder face mask formulation variations. The dependent variables are the characteristics of the simplicia, secondary metabolites, nanopowder characteristics, powder face mask formulation, and antibacterial activity test. The results showed that tea bag powder and nanopowder contained alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin compounds. The inhibitory activity of the used tea bag nano powder mask on Propionibacterium acnes was 11.3 mm on Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was 11.2 mm. The tea bag powder used meets the characteristics of a nanopowder with a particle size of 684 nm. I used a tea bag nanopowder to prepare a face mask that meets the physical quality requirements.

Formulation and physical quality test of effervescent granules from turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

Farah Widya Kautsari — 2025-01-06

Empirically, turmeric tamarind is used to relieve pain and inflammation and ease menstrual cramps. However, conventional herbal preparations are currently less popular, especially among teenagers. Effervescent turmeric tamarind formulations are an innovative, practical pharmaceutical preparation with the advantage of a pleasant taste, which helps disguise the bitter flavor of turmeric. This product also provides a refreshing effect due to the acid-base reaction that produces carbon dioxide (CO2). This study aims to evaluate the physical test of effervescent turmeric tamarind granules. This experimental study formulates three turmeric-tamarind effervescent granule formulas by varying the turmeric extract dosage (Curcuma longa) to 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg. The evaluations performed include organoleptic tests, water content, flow properties and angle of repose, dissolving time, and pH testing. The results showed that turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) can be formulated into effervescent granules—the three formulas with different variations of turmeric extract produced good physical quality test results. Variations in the concentration of turmeric extract did not affect the physical quality of the granules.

The preparation of nanoextract from kasturi orange peel (Citrus microcarpa) and its formulation as toothpaste

Fika Miah Sasmitha Hasibuan — 2025-01-12

Dental caries is a common oral health problem among the Indonesian population, and its primary cause is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The peel of the Kasturi orange (Citrus microcarpa) fruit has been known to contain antibacterial properties, which may help prevent the occurrence of dental caries. This study aims to evaluate the toothpaste formulation with the active ingredient of nano-extract from kasturi orange peel (Citrus microcarpa). The extract of Kasturi orange peel was obtained through a maceration method, followed by phytochemical screening that identified the presence of flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and essential oils. The extract was then processed into a nano-extract, and its particle size was measured using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) with a dynamic light scattering technique. The nano-extract was formulated into toothpaste at concentrations of 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%, and its antibacterial activity was tested. Physical evaluations showed that the toothpaste maintained its shape, color, odor, and taste during storage, was homogeneous, had a pH within the acceptable range (4.5–10.5), viscosity within the required range (20,000–50,000 cps), and passed organoleptic testing (color, aroma, taste, and texture) on respondents.

Cost-efeectivinees analysisis and blood glucose reduction profile of metformin and glimepirid use of type 2 diabetes melitus patient at RSUD R. Syamsudin, SH

Honifa Honifa — 2025-01-12

Hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion and insulin function is a hallmark of a metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus (DM). The choice of alternative medications for DM varies significantly, making it essential to consider cost to ensure that the selected drug remains affordable while providing the best therapeutic effect. The purpose of this study is to examine the glucose-lowering profile and identify the most cost-effective antidiabetic drug for use in type 2 diabetes patients in the outpatient unit at RSUD R. Syamsudin, SH. Kota Sukabumi. This non-experimental study uses a descriptive design by reviewing the medical records of outpatients from the pharmacy department. Random blood glucose levels and medication costs are the parameters used. The results of the study showed that the use of the antidiabetic drug glimepiride, which is the most cost-effective drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, demonstrated an average blood glucose reduction of 26.92% for patients using metformin and 22.97% for patients using glimepiride.

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) and its nanoparticles against Cutibacterium acnes bacteria

Nur Khofifah — 2025-01-13

One of the skin diseases that often occurs is acne (Acne vulgaris). Acne is caused by the activity of the Cutibacterium acnes bacteria. Current acne treatment still depends on the use of antibiotics, but long-term use of antibiotics can cause bacterial resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative treatments for acne that are effective and safe, one of which is by using medicinal plants. One plant that has potential is papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.). This research aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum killing concentration (KBM) of ethanol extract and papaya leaf extract nanoparticles as well as testing antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes bacteria. The research was carried out experimentally. The independent variables are the concentration of papaya leaf extract (6.25% concentration, 12.5% concentration, 25% concentration and 50% concentration), and the concentration of papaya leaf extract nanoparticles (0.625% concentration, 1.25% concentration, 2.5% concentration % and Concentration 5%). The dependent variable is the antibacterial activity of papaya leaf ethanol extract and nanoparticles extract against Cutibacterium acnes. Characterization of the size of the extracted nanoparticles using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The characteristic results for the extract size were 2,203.45 nm while the size of the extract nanoparticles was 330.27 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.25% papaya leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles is better than 12.5% papaya leaf ethanol extract, and the minimum lethal concentration (KBM) value of 5% papaya leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles is better than papaya leaf ethanol extract 50% against Cutibacterium acnes bacteria. 5% papaya leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles have the same antibacterial ability as 50% papaya leaf ethanol extract and are sensitive to Cutibacterium acnes bacteria, so it can be said that 5% papaya leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles can reduce the dose concentration of antibacterial compounds up to one-tenth of the time compared to ethanol extract papaya leaves 50% (1:10)

Quantitative analysis of quercetin in tea mistletoe (Scurrula oortiana Dans.)

Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana — 2025-01-13

Indonesia has a variety of plants that are useful as medicine. One is the Tea Mistletoe plant (Scurrula oortiana Dans.). This plant contains flavonoid compounds that are effective as antioxidants, especially in the form of quercetin. Quercetin in the tea mistletoe plant can prevent cell damage caused by free radicals, where cells need this antioxidant to avoid the harmful effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and prevent damage to immune cells. This study aims to analyze the levels of quercetin in Tea Mistletoe extract using quantitative analysis methods such as thin-layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Tea Mistletoe powder was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator and water bath. The thick extract obtained was then tested for phytochemical screening and specific and non-specific parameters. Analysis of flavonoid quercetin compounds was carried out using a thin layer chromatography method using a mobile phase of a mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol with a ratio of 5:4:1 and a stationary phase of Silica Gel GF₂₅₄. Determination of flavonoid levels was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 428 nm. The results of this study indicate that the Mistletoe Tea plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and glycosides. All test parameters meet the specified requirements. The thin layer chromatography test showed the Rf value of the Mistletoe Tea extract of 0.78. The linearity test showed a correlation value (r) = 0.9988 with a total flavonoid compound content of 372.250 mg QE/g extract, or a percentage of 37.225%.

Protein content of soybean tempeh in different primary packaging materials and storage parameters

Nurkholifah Pujiastuti — 2025-01-15

Soybean tempeh products are in great demand by most Indonesian people. The most of producers use plastic as packaging material, but some of them use natural materials such as banana leaves and teak. Soybean tempeh packaged with leaves is more popular with the public than plastic because it has a distinctive aroma and a savory taste. This study aims to determine the differences in protein content in soybean tempeh with different primary packaging materials with raw soybeans as a comparison. The three tempeh packages were produced using raw soybeans and under the same conditions. The protein content of the samples was determined by the Lowry reaction at a wavelength of 748.5 nm. This method has been determined for its validity through repeatability, linearity, and accuracy tests. Together with raw soybeans, samples that had been stored in the freezer were measured for their protein content at two different times. The Lowry method used is valid because all parameters have met the acceptance requirements where r² linearity = 0.9954-0.9972 (> 0.9950); %RSD repeatability = 0.291-0.768 (<2%); and %recovery accuracy = 98.769-101.118% (80-120%). The average results of the protein content of raw soybeans, plastic-packaged soybean tempeh, banana leaves, and teak leaves on the 11^th day were 5.531-7.967% while on the 35^th day it was 5.881-7.972%. The results of the One-Way ANOVA statistical test with sig = 0.0001 (p <0.05) so it can be said that there is a significant difference between soybean tempeh with different primary packaging materials.

Formulation of patch preparations from ethanol extract of laban leaves (Vitex pinnata L.) as an anti-inflammatory

Ulfa Rahmi — 2025-01-28

Laban leaves (Vitex pinnata L.) contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, which have anti-inflammatory potential. This research aims to formulate laban leaves into an anti-inflammatory patch preparation for the back skin of mice induced by 3% carrageenan. Laban leaf simplicia was extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol, and patch preparations were made with varying extract concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10%. The patch preparation is tested organoleptic, pH, weight uniformity, patch thickness, patch moisture, patch crease resistance, and irritation. The anti-inflammatory activity of the patch preparation was analyzed using the inflammatory associate edema method, namely measuring the anti-inflammatory effect using a caliper and 25 test animals, which were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control, positive control, and treatment group with a concentration of 5; 7.5; and 10% with 5 individuals each. The results of several tests that have been carried out are analyzed using the one-way ANOVA program. The results show the anti-inflammatory activity of laban leaves. There was no difference in the percentage of edema inhibition data on the back skin of mice between treatment groups. This shows that the anti-inflammatory patch preparation of Laban leaf extract (Vitex pinnata L.) has anti-inflammatory activity. The formula that provides the most potent anti-inflammatory activity is a patch preparation with an extract concentration of 10%. With an edema inhibition percentage of 59%.

Evaluation of the implementation of clinical pharmacy services at Kupang City pharmacy based on PERMENKES RI number 73 of 2016

Yohana Febriani Putri Peu Patty — 2025-01-31

Clinical pharmacy services in pharmacies are one of the responsibilities that pharmacists must perform. Some of the clinical pharmacy service activities contained in the applicable pharmaceutical service standards are prescription service assessment, dispensing, Drug Information Services (PIO), Counseling, Drug Therapy Monitoring (PTO), Monitoring Drug Side Effects (MESO). The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in the Kupang City Pharmacy area against the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 73 of 2016. This research method was carried out descriptively with a cross-sectional method. Sample selection was carried out by purposive sampling involving 10 pharmacies that met the inclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out using the interview method using an interview guideline sheet. The results showed that the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in 10 pharmacies in the aspect of reviewing prescription services was 100% (in accordance with the SPKA), the dispensing aspect was 100% (in accordance with the SPKA), the Drug Information Service (PIO) aspect was 100% (in accordance with the SPKA), the counseling aspect was 60% (not in accordance with SPKA). The home pharmacy care aspect, the Drug Therapy Monitoring (PTO) aspect and the Monitoring of Drug Side Effects (MESO) aspect was 100% not implemented by all pharmacy. Conclusion pharmacies in Kupang City have not fully implemented clinical pharmacy services based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 73 of 2016.

Determination of total flavonoid content in 70% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract of sambung nyawa Leaves (Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr.) using UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Adevika Rahmadani — 2025-02-03

Sambung nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens L.) are a simplicia with various medicinal properties. One of the chemical compounds in sambung nyawa leaves that plays a crucial role in treatment is flavonoids. Flavonoids in sambung nyawa leaves have benefits as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Different drying methods for simplicia affect the total flavonoid content in the extract.The stages of this research included plant material processing, the preparation of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, characterization tests, phytochemical screening, and the determination of total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract of sambung nyawa leaves using visible spectrophotometry. The extracts of sambung nyawa leaves were made using the maceration method with 70% ethanol and ethyl acetate, and the obtained extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Total flavonoid content was then determined using visible spectrophotometry. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of sambung nyawa leaves revealed the presence of chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract was found to be 6.5149 ± 0.0314 mcg/g of sample, while the ethyl acetate extract had a total flavonoid content of 77.6695 ± 0.1199 mcg/g of sample.

The relationship between maternal knowledge and self-medication management actions in toddlers in Ketapang Dua Village, East Aceh.

Fahma Shufyani — 2025-02-09

Introduction: Self-medication is something that is often practiced by the Indonesian community as a way to take care of themselves when they are sick. Taking and consuming medication without advice from a healthcare professional, whether for diagnosis, prescription, or health supervision, is called self-medication. Self-medication can provide significant benefits to the government in maintaining national health if done correctly. Self-medication can assist healthcare professionals, reduce the time spent waiting for a doctor's diagnosis, and save money, especially in developing countries, because healthcare professionals will be more focused on more serious and critical health conditions. Objective: This study aims to determine mothers' knowledge about self-medication for fever and to understand the self-medication actions taken by mothers, as well as to examine the relationship between mothers' knowledge and their self-medication actions for fever in toddlers in Ketapang Dua Village, East Aceh. Method: This study uses a quantitative method of a descriptive-analytical nature with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi Square test. Data collection was conducted in July 2024. The research population is the knowledge of mothers regarding self-medication management for toddlers in Ketapang Dua Village, East Aceh. The sample of this study consists of 40 respondents. Results: from this study indicate that 35% of mothers have a fairly good level of knowledge about self-medication for fever. Self-medication for fever in toddlers shows that around 47.5% have taken appropriate actions. There is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and self-medication actions for fever in toddlers in Ketapang Dua Village, East Aceh, with a p-value of 0.026 < 0.05. It can be concluded that the presence of maternal knowledge regarding self-medication for fever in toddlers in Ketapang Dua Village, East Aceh, is classified as quite good. The conclusion: of this study is that the frequency distribution of maternal knowledge shows that some have fairly good knowledge, with 14 respondents (35.0%) and respondents with less adequate knowledge amounting to 21 respondents (65.5%). The frequency distribution of fever self-medication actions shows that some mothers provided appropriate self-medication actions, with 19 respondents (47.5%) doing so, while 21 respondents (52.5%) provided less appropriate self-medication actions. There is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and self-medication practices for fever in toddlers in Ketapang Dua village, East Aceh, with a p-value of 0.026 > 0.05.

A Comparison antidiabetic activity of water and ethanol extraction of Muntingia calabura L leaves against male mice

Aswan Pangondian — 2025-02-09

Muntingia calabura L is an Indonesian herbal plant known as kersen which has the ability to reduce blood sugar levels. M. Calabura has secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins and polyphenols. This study aimed to compare the antidiabetic activities of water and ethanol extracts of M. calabura in male mice. In this study, M. calabura was extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent (EEMC) and decoction of Kersen leaves (EDMC). Blood glucose levels were measured at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes using a glucometer after being induced by alloxan induction. Animals were divided into eight groups (positive group, negative group and EEMC group, and EDMC group with doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg BW. The results of the investigation showed that the activity to reduce blood glucose levels during the interval time was significantly different compared to the negative group, and positive control was not significantly different compared to the EEMC 250 mg/kg BW and EDMC 500 mg/kg BW groups. The conclusion of this study was that the EEMC and EDMC groups had decreased blood glucose levels. EEMC 250mg/kg BW and EDMC 500 mg/kg BW groups showed comparable activity to the positive control.

Evaluation of effectiveness of ethanol extract of green amaranth leaves (Amaranthus hybridus L.) as an immunostimulant in male white mice (Mus musculus)

Rida Evalina Tarigan — 2025-02-09

The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens, and enhancing its activity through immunostimulants is essential for improving health. This study aims to evaluate the immunostimulatory potential of ethanol extract from green amaranth leaves (Amaranthus hybridus L.) in male white mice (Mus musculus). The ethanol extract green amaranth leaves was prepared from dried green amaranth leaves and tested for its effect on phagocytic activity using the carbon clearance method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The animals were divided into five groups: negative control (0.5% Na CMC), positive control (Stimuno Forte®), and three experimental groups receiving varying doses of the ethanol extract (125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg body weight). The results indicated that the ethanol extract significantly enhanced phagocytic activity, with the most optimal effect observed at 125 mg/kg body weight. The stimulation index increased with higher doses, demonstrating the dose-dependent immunostimulatory effect. The study concludes that the ethanol extract of green amaranth leaves can serve as an effective natural immunostimulant, with the 125 mg/kg body weight dose being the most effective in enhancing immune function in male white mice. These findings suggest the potential of green amaranth as a therapeutic agent for immune-related disorders.

Patient characteristics and rationality of dengue haemorrhagic fever medication use inpatient paediatric patients

Salmah Handayani Lubis Lubis — 2025-02-09

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease that can affect children. The main principles of DHF treatment are supportive therapy that can reduce mortality to less than 1%, and maintenance of circulating fluid volume. This study aims to determine the distribution of the proportion of DHF patients in children based on age, gender, clinical symptoms and the rationality of the use of DHF drugs in pediatric patients treated at Dr. Pirngadi Medan Hospital. This study was a descriptive nonanalytic study with a case study design. The population data in this study were all medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with DHF who were treated in the period of 2022 at RSUD Dr. Pirngadi Medan. This study concluded that most pediatric DHF patients were female (47.6%), age 0-35 years (42.7%), clinical symptoms of fever (82%), fever duration of 4 days (82.9%). The most common complaints of pediatric DHF disease were fever (100%), vomiting (81%), nausea (75%). In evaluating the rationality of drug use in the correct dose of analgesic and antipyretic paracetamol administration was obtained 100% (correct dose) and the administration of lactated ringer fluid 85.36% (not correct dose).

Formulation of flower ethanol extract lip cream combrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm.) and roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a natural dyeing substance

Ruth Mayana Rumanti — 2025-02-09

Introduction: The kecombrang flower and roselle flower are known as sources of natural antioxidants and have the potential to be used as natural dyes in lip cream products. Both types of flowers contain compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. The aims of study to analyze the effect of varying concentrations of ethanol extract from the kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm.) and the roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on the color of lip cream formulations. The method of research was conducted through laboratory experiments that included sampling, extract preparation, product formulation, physical quality evaluation, and panelist preference testing. Data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the percentage of preference levels and presented in the form of tables and graphs. The results show that the preparation has a semi-solid texture, with colors ranging from light pink to dark pink in certain combinations, and a purplish pink for the 10% roselle extract formulation. The pH of the preparation is in the range of 5.1-5.4, without coarse grains, good spreadability, an average spread distance of 5.5 cm, an average adhesion time of 12.73 seconds, and no irritation. The cycling test indicates color instability, changing from light pink to dark brownish purple. Based on the hedonic test, formulation F5 has the highest preference level, which is 88.33%. The conclusion of this study is that the ethanol extract of kecombrang and rosella flowers produces a light pink lip cream that is suitable for formulation in lip cream preparations. The higher the concentration of the extract used, the darker the pink color produced, with a texture that tends to be more liquid and a decreasing pH.

Effect of palm leaf extract (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) addition on the viscosity of anti-acne sunscreen cream

Dwi Dominica — 2025-02-09

Introduction: ROS due to sun exposure can damage the skin. Skin structures that are damaged or thinned cause the risk of acne on the skin, one of which is that the skin can be infected with acne-causing bacteria. Palm leaf (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the plants that has good antioxidants and antibacterial. The aim: This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of extracts on the viscosity of anti-acne sunscreen creams. Methods: This study was experimental by conducting a viscosity test of sunscreen preparations using a brokfield viscometer. The results of this study show that Formula F1 (1.5%) has the highest viscosity of 8,970 cPs, followed by F2 (3%) at 7890 cPs, and F3 (4.5%) at 7090 cPs which is included in the good viscosity range. Sunscreen creams have pseudoplastic flow properties. Conclusion: the higher the concentration of the extract, the greater the viscosity of the preparation.

Formulation of taro leaf stem juice ointment (Colocasia esculenta L.) schoot for healing cut wounds in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Rani Ardiani — 2025-02-10

Introduction: Taro contains several compounds that can accelerate wound healing, such as flavonoids, phenols, and saponins. These compounds act as natural antibiotics, cleansing wounds with their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Therefore, this plant can aid in the wound healing process. Tannins, on the other hand, have the ability to constrict blood vessels and reduce bleeding in the wound area, decrease infection, and aid in wound healing during the inflammatory phase. One of the wound healing factors, vitamin C helps strengthen the walls of blood vessels, especially in the injured area, to maintain blood supply there and assist in accelerating collagen synthesis during the wound healing process. Lectin, a substance that can accelerate wound closure by aiding better cell regeneration. Arecaceae plants have many benefits for society, such as being used as a food source by harvesting their tubers, or being used as ornamental plants that beautify yards. Taro is also used as medicine both internally and externally. Almost all parts of the taro plant are processed into medicines, and the tubers, stem bark, and roots are crushed and then applied to the skin to heal wounds or bruises. Objective: This study aims to determine the wound healing effects of the sap from the taro stem (Colocasia esculenta L) Schott on male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Method: This study uses an experimental method, which includes sampling, preparation of taro leaf stem extract with concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, ointment evaluation test, and incision wound healing activity test on white rats grouped into 5 groups, each consisting of 3 rats. Statistical analysis includes one-way ANOVA to see if there is a significant difference between concentrations in the healing of incisional wounds in male white rats. Result: The research conducted shows that F1 (2% concentration) can heal the rats on the 10th day. F2 (4% concentration) the rats healed on the 8th day, F3 (6% concentration) the cut wounds healed on the 7th day, positive control (Betadine ointment) all rats healed on the 7th day. Conclusion: The extract of taro leaf stems (Colocasia esculenta L) Schoot can be formulated into an ointment preparation for the healing of incised wounds in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), with the most effective concentration being 6% because it can heal incised wounds the fastest among the other concentrations.

Assessment of collagen density in second-degree burns of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) treated with melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) extract cream

Leonardo Reza Srimaryanto — 2025-02-10

Second-degree burns are complex traumatic conditions requiring optimal tissue healing interventions. This experimental study investigated the impact of Gnetum gnemon L. leaf extract cream on collagen density in burn wounds. The research was conducted using 20 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (silver sulfadiazine), and three treatment groups with varying leaf extract concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%). Burn induction was performed on the right gluteal area using a thermostat at 85°C for 5 seconds. Collagen density was evaluated through histopathological analysis using ImageJ with density scores ranging from 0 to 4. Research results demonstrated significant collagen density increases in treatment groups, with the 10% concentration displaying the highest density (score +4). Significant differences between groups were confirmed by statistical analysis (p<0.05). Findings indicate the potential of Gnetum gnemon L. extract as an alternative therapy for improving burn wound healing through collagen density optimization.

Formulation and Evaluation of Tablets with Corn Cob (Zea mays L.) Additive as a Substitute for HPMC Used for Anti-Diabetes.

Christica Ilsanna Surbakti — 2025-02-11

Corn (Zea mays L) is a food crop that is known and cultivated in developing countries. So far, corn cobs have not been widely used as a value-added product. Corn cobs have 35.5% crude fiber, 2.5% protein, 0.12% calcium, 0.04% phosphorus and the remaining 38.16% of other substances. Corn cobs, which are biomass, contain phenolic phytochemicals which are very likely to be used as active antioxidant ingredients. The choice of method for making tablets is adjusted to the characteristics of the active substance used. In this research, the method used in making metformin HCl tablets was wet granulation. Wet granulation is the process of adding liquid to a powder or powder mixture in a container equipped with stirring which will produce agglomeration or granules. The evaluation results of corn cob additive granules as a substitute for HPMC showed the results of the flow time test (F1 1.5 seconds, F2 1.4 seconds F3 1.63 seconds), F1 angle of repose test (34.96 o, F2 41, 43 o, F3 41.92 o), humidity test (F1 1.794 %, F2 1.999 %, F3 2.331 %) and compressibility test (F1 11 %, F2 15%, F3 8%). The results of the evaluation of antalgin tablets using corn cobs as a substitute for HPMC showed visual test results where the tablets were round and white in color, the weight uniformity test showed results (F1 A (5%) 708.7-783.3 and column B (10% ) 671.4-820.6, F2 A (5%) 562.775– 705.75 and column B (10%) 571.05-698.6, F3 688.75– 761.25 and column B (10%) 625.5-797.5), size uniformity test shows results (F1 diameter 1.3545 and thickness 0.4705, F2 diameter 1.359 and thickness 0.468, F3 diameter 1.36 and thickness 0.471), fragility test shows results (F1 0 .06978367 %, F2 0.53272451 %, F3 0.06978367 %) and tablet hardness showed results (F1 6.764, F2 4.984, F3 7.89) and disintegration time test showed results (F1 2 minutes, F2 2 minutes, F3 2 minute).

The Effectiveness of melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) extract cream on the number of fibroblast cells in the second degree burn (deep partial thickness) of white rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Azhari Athaillah Sulaiman — 2025-02-12

Burn wound is an injury that causes tissue damage, typically due to contact with a heat source. Fibroblasts have an important role in wound healing, synthesizing collagen as the main constituent of the extracellular matrix which is important in wound integrity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cream of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) leaf extract on the number of fibroblast cells in deep partial thickness burn in white rats (Rattus novegicus). Twenty male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five treatment groups, with four replications in each group, and were induced with in deep partial thickness burn. The negative control group (K-) was treated with cream base, the positive control group (K+) was treated with Silver Sulfadiazine, while P1, P2, and P3 group was treated with respectively 2.5, 5 and 10% melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) leaf extract cream. Therapy was given twice a day for 14 days. Oneway ANOVA showed significant differences between each treatment group (p <0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. The average number of fibroblasts in each treatment group showed that the K- were significantly different from the K+, P2, P3 groups but not P1. The lowest mean number of fibroblast cells was found in the K- group. The conclusion from the research that has been carried out was that melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) leaf extract cream decrease the number of fibroblast cells in second-degree burns wounds in white rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Formulation of antibacterial hand cream based on chitosan and leaves of putri malu extract (Mimosa pudica L.)

Fendy Fendy — 2025-02-13

CoronaVirus Disease 2019 is a respiratory disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is transmitted through the air and droplets of fluid. One of the health protocols recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) is washing hands. Hand-washing activities have limitations because not all places provide them, so the alternative that has been circulating in the community is hand sanitiser. However, the alcohol content and synthetic antibacterials cause dry and irritated skin. The purpose of this study was to create an antibacterial hand cream from putri malu leaf as a utilization of wild plants. Putri malu leaf extract and chitosan were made in the form of nanoparticles, and then an evaluation of the physical characteristics of the hand cream preparation was carried out in the form of pH, organoleptic, homogeneity, and stability observed for 14 days. The antibacterial activity of putri malu leaf extract and hand cream was tested against S. aureus and E. coli. The particle size obtained was 1529.5 ± 42.5 nm. The results of the physical characteristics obtained were pH 6.15; dark orange, odourless, stable at room temperature, and high homogeneity. Antibacterial testing of putri malu leaf extract against S. aureus produced an inhibition zone of 10.27 mm at a concentration of 25% and antibacterial hand cream produced inhibition zones of 23.18 mm and 12.22 mm with an extract concentration of 10% so both are classified as strong antibacterials that are effective against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.

Formulation of a combined liniment of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) and peppermint leaf essential oil (Menthae piperitae L.) as aromatherapy

Yulia Safitri Limbong — 2025-02-13

Pendahuluan: Minyak atsiri dapat digunakan dalam penggunaan obat luar, seperti lulur, minyak pijat, lotion, pengharum ruangan dan sebagainya. Minyak atsiri dapat digunakan secara langsung. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi minyak atsiri Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) dan daun peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan liniment sebagai aromaterapi. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental yaitu untuk mengetahui suatu gejala atau pengaruh yang timbul sebagai akibat dari adanya perlakuan tertentu, meliputi penyiapan sampel, formulasi sediaan, evaluasi terhadap mutu fisik sediaan seperti uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji iritasi dan uji kesukaan (hedonik). Hasil: dari penelitian ini menunjukkan Pemeriksaan organoleptis sediaan liniment dari minyak atsiri jahe Merah dan daun Peppermint berbentuk cairan jernih, beraroma jahe merah dan mint, berwarna kuning. Sediaan homogen dan sesuai syarat pH yang baik. Tidak menimbulkan iritasi. Konsentrasi terbaik yang digunakan dalam pembuatan formulasi sediaan liniment kombinasi minyak atsiri Jahe Merah dan minyak atsiri daun peppermint aromaterapi adalah (20% : 20%) kerena memiliki aroma dan rasa yang nyaman terhadap panelis.. Kesimpulan: menunjukkan Minyak atsiri Jahe Merah kombinasi daun peppermint dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan liniment sebagai aromaterapi dengan Konsentrasi terbaik yaitu F3 (20% : 20%).

Overview of patient safety culture at Izza Karawang hospital in 2024

Marhindayani Dewi — 2025-02-16

This study was conducted to describe the patient safety environment developed by Izza Hospital, Karawang, using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) instrument developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The research method used a quantitative descriptive design with a survey approach, involving 326 respondents from medical and non-medical personnel who were directly related to patient care. The sampling technique was accidental sampling, and data were analyzed using univariate analysis for the frequency distribution of the 12 dimensions of patient safety culture. The findings showed that most respondents were nurses (62.9%) with 1-5 years of service (38%) and working hours >40 hours per week (64%). The assessment of the work unit showed the majority in the “good” category (56%), while the most patient safety reports were 1-2 reports per year (35%). Most indicators of patient safety culture showed positive responses, such as teamwork (97%) and open communication (66-81%). However, there were challenges in indicators such as response to errors and staff courage to ask critical questions. In conclusion, the patient safety culture at Izza Hospital is in the “good” category but needs specific improvements in certain dimensions to support more optimal patient safety. These results provide insights for the hospital in formulating strategies for continuous improvement of patient safety culture.

Test of antidiabetic effectiveness of nano herbal and ethanol extract of toppaspara leaves (Mikania micrantha Kunth.) on male white rats (Rattus Norvegicus) induced by streptozotocin

Putri Ayu Indah Setyarini — 2025-02-18

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterised by hyperglycemia caused by insufficient insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The use of natural ingredients as a treatment option for diabetes mellitus can be developed as an alternative treatment, one of which is the toppaspara plant (Mikania micrantha Kunth.). The very small particle size in nano form is used to increase antidiabetic activity. Toppaspara leaves (Mikania micrantha Kunth.) have been empirically used as an antidiabetic, but this has not been scientifically proven. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of nanoherbal and ethanol extract of toppaspara leaves. This research was carried out experimentally, including the manufacture of simplicia, characterisation of simplicia, characterisation of nanoherbals and testing of antidiabetic effectiveness. Male white mice were induced with 2.5% streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Administration of 0.5% CMC suspension, nanoherbal and ethanol extract of toppaspara leaves at 50 mg/kgBB, 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, metformin 45 mg/kgBB. The number of decreases in blood glucose levels is calculated; from the number of decreases in blood glucose levels, the percentage decrease in blood glucose levels is calculated. This analysis test uses One-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. The results of phytochemical screening of fresh leaves, simplicia ethanol extract and nano herbal toppaspara leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. The results of the One Way ANOVA test and the Tukey test showed that nanoherbal 100 mg/kgBW and ethanol extract of toppaspara leaves 200 mg/kgBW were the best as antidiabetics and were not significantly different from metformin 45 mg/kgBW as a comparison.

The effectiveness of Gracilaria sp. ethanol extract spray preparation as a repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Wana Puspita — 2025-02-20

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever or commonly known as DHF is a disease that is transmitted through the bite of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which carry the Dengue virus so that it can cause Extraordinary Events (KLB). Prevention of dengue fever is generally carried out using refills containing the chemical DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) which is dangerous for the skin. Gracilaria sp. It is known to contain compounds that are toxic to mosquitoes, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. This research aims to see the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. as a repellent for Ae. aegypti, Effective Concentration 50% (EC50), irritating effects, and physical properties of the ethanol extract spray preparation of Gracilaria sp. The research was carried out with methodology in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation (WHOPES) using a Completely Randomized Design (RAL). The protective power provided by the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. analyzed using Oneway ANOVA, followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Probit analysis was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract concentration of Gracilaria sp. as a repellent. The research results show that concentration levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% provide protective power capabilities of 14.40%, 31.81%, 47.76%, and 61.17% respectively with an EC50 value of 18.86%. The spray is homogeneous and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusion, spray preparations containing ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. potential as a repellent for Ae. aegypti. Using this repellent can help reduce the risk of dengue fever which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of Gracilaria sp. as a repellent with a concentration above 20% and an irritation test was carried out on > 10 probands for > 15 minutes by spraying the preparation repeatedly.

Formulation of orally disintegrating tablets from cauliflower powder (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) with variations of tapai juice concentration as disintegrant

Sri Indah Lestari — 2025-02-20

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) has a nutritional content consisting of calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and low saturated fat. It has vitamin C, which helps increase body immunity. Orally Disintegrating Tablet preparations can dissolve quickly when placed on the tongue, formulated for ease of use of drugs for patients who have difficulty swallowing. Therefore, disintegrants are very important in ODT preparations. Tapai extract has a sweet, slightly sour taste and disintegrates immediately when placed on the tongue. This research aimed to determine whether cauliflower powder with tapai extract disintegrants can be formulated into ODT preparations and which formulation is the best. This research included characterization of simplicia, making pre-formulation by mixing all ingredients, evaluating pre-formulation, and tablet printing by direct compression method. Then, the tablet evaluation was carried out. The disintegrant was tapai extract with 5%, 7.5%, and 10% concentrations. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA method. The results of the formulation evaluation, the flow time test obtained <10 seconds, which is easy to flow; the angle of repose test obtained 26˚, the category is very good; and the compressibility test obtained 18-20%, which is quite good. The results of the tablet evaluation in the organoleptic test obtained round tablets, sweet taste, brownish-white color, and distinctive odor. The weight uniformity test on all formulas did not have any deviating weights; the size uniformity test met the requirements, the hardness test obtained 1-3 kg, the friability test obtained 0.4-0.7%, the petri dish disintegration time test obtained 44.07-52.48 seconds, and the mouth disintegration time test obtained 53.07-57.78 seconds and the wetting time test obtained 53.21-54.87 seconds. The best formula is formula 3, with a 10% tapai extract concentration.