Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Antimycobacterial Activity and MIC–MBC Determination of Clerodendrum minahassae Ethanolic Leaf Extract Against Mycobacterium smegmatis

2026-01-04T09:34:55-08:00

Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge, particularly due to the increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains, highlighting the need for new antimycobacterial agents from natural sources. Clerodendrum minahassae, a medicinal plant traditionally used in North Sulawesi, has demonstrated antibacterial activity; however, its antimycobacterial potential has not been previously explored. This study aimed to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of C. minahassae against Mycobacterium smegmatis as a surrogate model and to estimate its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extract was tested at concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/disc using the disc diffusion method. Inhibition zone diameters increased in a concentration-dependent manner, ranging from 9.40 ± 0.52 mm to 10.60 ± 0.92 mm. Quantitative analysis using Bloomfield-based linear regression revealed a strong dose–response relationship (R² = 0.9926), from which MIC and MBC values of 0.63 µg/disc and 2.52 µg/disc were estimated, respectively. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of C. minahassae exhibits measurable inhibitory and bactericidal activity against M. smegmatis at relatively low concentrations. While this study represents an exploratory screening, the results support the potential of C. minahassae as a source of bioactive compounds with antimycobacterial relevance. Further investigations involving fractionation, compound identification, toxicity assessment, and validation against pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are warranted.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract Gel of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Leaves Against Bacteria in Diabetic Ulcers

2026-01-04T15:59:17-08:00

Diabetic ulcers are a chronic complication of Diabetes Mellitus, which occurs due to uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Patients with a history of Diabetes Mellitus are susceptible to wounds, especially on the feet, and are difficult to heal, leading to infection. Bacteria identified as causing infection in diabetic ulcers include gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers leaf gel against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which are the bacteria that cause infections in diabetic ulcers. The method used was to measure the area of the inhibition zone formed on NA media that had grown bacteria, using the well method, then added the gel preparation of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract with each concentration of 10%, 20% and 30%. Previously, the gel preparation had been evaluated by several tests such as organoleptic tests, homogeneity, adhesiveness, spreadability and pH. The results of the study obtained antibacterial activity testing at each concentration have antibacterial activity with each category being moderate and very strong. The very strong category was obtained at a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone obtained 15,64 mm, while at a concentration of 10%, 20% were included in the moderate category with a concentration obtained 9,75, and 10,28 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the gel of brotowali leaf extract (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) has antibacterial activity against one of the bacteria that causes diabetic ulcer infections, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Analysis of The Effectiveness of Nanocurcumin on TNF-α Expression and Lesion Diameter in Mice (Mus musculus) Induced with Endometriosis

2026-01-06T20:27:40-08:00

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, which triggers local inflammation and lesion progression. The pathological process involves increased proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, and activation of proliferative and angiogenic pathways. Nanocurcumin, with higher bioavailability compared to conventional curcumin, is known to have the potential to modulate inflammation and inhibit ectopic tissue growth. This study aimed to analyze the effect of nanocurcumin at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW on TNF-α expression and endometriosis lesion diameter in endometriosis-induced mice. The laboratory experimental study used a post-test only control group design with three treatment groups (control, nanocurcumin after induction, and nanocurcumin before induction), each consisting of 10 mice. TNF-α expression was measured using the ELISA method, while lesion diameter was assessed macroscopically. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, ANOVA, and Tukey's extended test. The results showed no significant difference in TNF-α levels between groups (p = 0.933). However, there was a significant difference in endometriosis lesion diameter (p < 0.001), with the nanocurcumin group showing the greatest lesion shrinkage compared to the control and other treatment groups. Nanocurcumin significantly reduced the diameter of endometriosis lesions in mice, although it did not significantly reduce serum TNF-α levels. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of nanocurcumin may be mediated through local mechanisms that are not fully reflected in serum biomarkers.

Optimization of Tween 80 and PEG 400 in Argan Oil (Argania Spinosa (L.) Skeels) Nanoemulgel Preparations and Antioxidant Testing Using the DPPH Method.

2026-01-12T19:09:27-08:00

This study aims to optimize the concentrations of Tween 80 and PEG 400 in the formulation of argan oil nanoemulgel and to evaluate its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The nanoemulsion optimization process was carried out using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) approach, employing percent transmittance, pH, and emulsification time as response parameters. The optimal results were obtained at a concentration of 60% Tween 80 and 30% PEG 400, with a desirability value of 0.886. The optimized nanoemulsion exhibited a particle size of 31.3 ± 0.21 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.364, meeting the standard criteria for nanoemulsion systems. The resulting nanoemulgel demonstrated favorable physical characteristics, including homogeneous consistency, a spreadability value of 5.03 ± 0.21 cm, an adhesion time of 2.9 ± 0.41 seconds, a viscosity of 29,780 cPs, and a pH of 6.1 ± 0.07. Antioxidant evaluation showed that the argan oil nanoemulgel exhibited strong activity with an IC₅₀ value of 100.33 µg/mL. These results indicate that the optimized nanoemulgel formulation is capable of maintaining the antioxidant activity of argan oil and has strong potential for development as an effective and stable anti-aging cosmetic product.

Analysis of Curcumin Levels in Herbal Medicine of Turmeric Tamarind Using Spectrophotometer visible

2026-01-17T01:08:57-08:00

The rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) contains curcumin as the principal bioactive compound responsible for its diverse pharmacological activities. Therefore, the analysis of curcumin content is essential for the quality control of herbal medicines. This study aimed to determine the curcumin content in five turmeric herbal medicine samples obtained from herbal vendors in the Kartasura area. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was employed for qualitative identification, while visible spectrophotometry was used for quantitative analysis. Samples were selected using purposive sampling and extracted with chloroform, followed by evaporation using a water bath and reconstitution in 96% ethanol. Quantitative analysis was performed by measuring curcumin content on days 1, 2, and 3 of storage to evaluate content stability. Qualitative TLC analysis was conducted using silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of ethanol, glacial acetic acid, and chloroform (94:5:1, v/v/v). The TLC results confirmed the presence of three curcuminoid compounds curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin with consistent Rf values observed under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Quantitative analysis using visible spectrophotometry showed significant differences in curcumin content among samples (p < 0.001) based on one-way ANOVA. Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity (R² = 0.9995), acceptable accuracy (mean recovery of 109.67%), good precision (RSD of 1.80%), and sensitivity with LOD and LOQ values of 0.128 ppm and 0.388 ppm, respectively. These findings indicate that the validated spectrophotometric method is suitable for determining curcumin content in turmeric-based herbal medicines. Variations in curcumin levels among samples may be attributed to differences in raw material quality and manufacturing processes.

Hepatoprotector Activity of the Polar n-Butanol Fraction of Corn Silk (Zea mays L.) in Paracetamol-Induced Male White Rats

2026-01-17T02:09:51-08:00

Corn silk is a part of the corn plant that is known to contain beneficial chemical compounds, including flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant activity and have the potential as hepatoprotective compounds that can protect the liver from damage caused by free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the polar fraction of corn silk on male white rats induced by paracetamol. The animals used were 25 male white rats divided into 5 groups, namely group 1 (Negative control), group 2 (positive control) induced by toxic doses of paracetamol, and groups 3, 4, 5 polar fractions of corn silk doses (200, 400, 800 mg/kgBW). The measurement parameters were SGOT-SGPT levels, liver organ weight ratio, and histopathological examination of the liver. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and statistically with two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test. The results of observations of SGOT enzyme levels on days 7 and 14 were group 1 (18.5 and 20.5 U/L), group 2 (50.5 and 113.75 U/L), group 3 (21.5 and 45.25 U/L), group 4 (23.25 and 83.75 U/L), group 5 (26.5 and 105.75 U/L). SGPT enzyme levels on days 7 and 14 were group 1 (39.75 and 42 U/L), group 2 (70.25 and 82.25 U/L), group 3 (42.5 and 48 U/L), group 4 (46.26 and 64.75 U/L), group 5 (48.75 and 70.25 U/L). The results of histopathological observations with score values of group 1 (0), group 2 (4), group 3 (1), group 4 (3), group 5 (3). Based on the research results obtained, it can be concluded that the polar fraction of corn silk has the most effective hepatoprotective activity at the lowest dose of 200 mg/kgBW with the observation results closest to the negative control for each parameter.

Identification of Active Compounds in Dadap Serep Leaves (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr) and Their Potential as Antioxidants

2026-01-18T07:44:03-08:00

Background: Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr, locally known as dadap serep, is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments, suggesting the presence of bioactive compounds. Scientific exploration of its phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential, however, remains limited compared to other species in the genus. Objective: This study aimed to (1) identify the bioactive compound groups in the 70% ethanol extract of Erythrina subumbrans leaves through phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and (2) evaluate its antioxidant activity quantitatively using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Methods: The leaves were extracted via maceration using 70% ethanol. The extract was subjected to standard phytochemical screening tests for flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Flavonoid profiling was performed using TLC with a quercetin standard. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH method, with vitamin C as a reference standard, and the IC₅₀ value was determined. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. TLC analysis indicated the presence of flavonoid compounds, with one major spot showing an Rf value similar to the quercetin standard. The DPPH assay revealed that the extract possesses strong antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 49.94 ppm. According to established antioxidant strength criteria, this IC₅₀ value is categorized as very strong.Conclusion: The 70% ethanol extract of Erythrina subumbrans leaves contains diverse bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, and exhibits very strong antioxidant activity. These findings scientifically support its traditional use and highlight its potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants for further pharmaceutical or nutraceutical development.

Formulation of Moringa Leaf Extract Effervescent Tablets (Moringa oleifera L.) as a Nutritional supplement to Prevent Stunting

2026-01-18T09:01:26-08:00

Stunting remains a significant nutritional problem in Indonesia, requiring practical and acceptable nutritional interventions. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are known to contain essential minerals such as zinc, iron, and iodine, which play an important role in supporting optimal growth. This study aimed to formulate effervescent tablets of Moringa leaf extract and evaluate their physical quality as an alternative nutritional supplement for stunting prevention. Moringa leaf extract was obtained through maceration and formulated into four effervescent tablet formulas with varying extract concentrations. The evaluations included granule flow properties, angle of repose, pH, size uniformity, weight uniformity, dispersion time, FTIR analysis, and hedonic testing. The results showed that all formulas met the physical quality requirements of effervescent tablets. The granules exhibited good flow characteristics with an angle of repose below 40°, while the tablet pH values ranged from 4,4 -5,8, indicating suitability for oral administration. All formulas complied with the standards for size and weight uniformity, and the dispersion time ranged from 1 to 2 minutes. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, nitroso, and benzene functional groups associated with flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which contribute beneficial mineral content. Based on physical and organoleptic evaluations, Formula 2 showed the best combination of extract content and granule flow properties, while Formula 1 was the most preferred in terms of taste.

Analysis of Pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus) Contamination in Processed Beef and Chicken Meatball Products in Tuntungan, North Sumatra

2026-01-20T02:11:02-08:00

Background: Meatballs are a popular processed meat product in Indonesia. High consumption of meatballs is accompanied by increasing public concern, especially among Muslims, regarding the halal aspect of the product. The potential contamination of pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus) in beef and chicken meatballs is a critical issue, whether due to unintentional cross-contamination or adulteration. Tuntungan area, North Sumatra, with its diverse demographic and trading characteristics, is an important location to assess the level of contamination. Objective: This study aimed to detect the presence of pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus) contamination in processed beef and chicken meatball products traded in the Tuntungan area, North Sumatra. Methods: Four meatball samples (three chicken meatballs and one beef meatball) were collected from street vendors and meatball stalls at different locations. DNA detection was performed molecularly using the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) method with the *Genechecker UF-300* instrument. The procedure began with sample preparation, DNA extraction using the Genolution tool, master mix preparation, and analysis using the PCR Gen Checker chip. Result validation was based on the Cycle threshold (Ct) value in the target channel (FAM for pork DNA) and the internal control channel (ROX). Results: The analysis results of all four samples showed a FAM Ct value of 0 (not detected), indicating no amplification of specific pork target DNA. Meanwhile, the ROX Ct value (internal control) in all samples was detected in the range of 19.41–20.50, proving that the DNA extraction and amplification process ran optimally without inhibition. The positive control showed valid amplification signals, and the negative control showed no contamination. Conclusion: Based on the molecular detection results, it can be concluded that all tested beef and chicken meatball samples from the Tuntungan area were not contaminated with pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus). This finding indicates that traders in the area have applied good processing practices and separated raw materials, so the meatballs sold meet the halal aspect in terms of ingredient authenticity.

Exploration of the Hydration Effect of a Lotion Enriched with Clitoria ternatea Extract on Mus musculus Skin Exposed to UV Rays

2026-01-20T20:47:06-08:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a lotion enriched with butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) in improving skin hydration in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Butterfly pea flower extract is known to contain anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, which act as antioxidants and are thought to maintain skin moisture. The study design used an experimental method. Mice were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 6 per group), consisting of a negative control group, a positive control group, and three treatment groups receiving butterfly pea flower extract lotion at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Skin hydration levels were measured using a Scalar Moisture Checker after five minutes of UV exposure. The results showed a significant difference in hydration levels between groups. The 1% butterfly pea flower extract lotion showed a significant increase in skin hydration compared to the negative control (p < 0.05), indicating its optimal moisturizing efficacy among the tested formulations. These findings indicate that butterfly pea flower extract has potential as an active ingredient in lotion formulations to improve hydration in skin damaged by UV light exposure. This study provides a scientific basis for the use of butterfly pea flower extract as a natural moisturizing agent.

Protective effect ethanol extract of Bidens pilosa L. on the immune system based on histological spleen of Rattus norvegicus alcohol-induced

2026-01-20T22:35:02-08:00

This study aims to determine the protective activity of Bidens pilosa L. leaf ethanol extract (EEDK) on the immune system based on the white pulp diameter, and histopathology of the spleen of white rats given alcohol. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), with treatments divided into 5 groups: negative control (K-) without EEDK or alcohol administration, positive control (K+) administered 10 ml/kg body weight of alcohol, treatment 1 (P1) administered 250 mg/kg body weight of EEDK and 10 ml/kg body weight of alcohol, treatment 2 (P2) given 500 mg/kgbb EEDK and 10 ml/kgbb alcohol, and treatment 3 (P3) given 750 mg/kgbb EEDK and 10 ml/kgbb alcohol. EEDK was administered 1 hour after alcohol administration and was given orally every day for 43 days. The parameters observed in this study were diameter of the white pulp, and histopathology of the white rat spleen. The observation data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and followed by a post hoc test with the DMRT test to see the differences between treatments. The results showed that the ethanol extract Bidens pilosa L. potential as an immunomodulator by increasing the diameter of the white pulp of the spleen, and had a significant effect on spleen histology by showing protective activity with a decrease in the level of spleen tissue damage due to alcohol, particularly tissue fibrosis, lymphocyte apoptosis, and necrosis (p£0.05).

Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.) Extract as Antibacterial Cream Against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

2026-01-22T16:59:26-08:00

Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem in adolescents that often causes stress, anxiety, and decreased self confidence. Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.) has antibacterial potential, but its effectiveness against Cutibacterium acnes has not been fully explored. This study aims to develop a cream formulation of Spiny Amaranth leaf ethanol extract and test its antibacterial effectiveness against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. The research method includes extraction of Spiny Amaranth leaves, cream preparation, and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the antibacterial cream of Spiny Amaranth leaf extract has good effectiveness against the growth of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus, with an increasing inhibition zone along with the increase in extract concentration, namely 18.5 mm at 25% concentration and 27.9 mm at 50% concentration for Cutibacterium acnes, and 16.0 mm at 25% concentration and 23.3 mm at 50% concentration for Staphylococcus aureus. The characteristics of the cream that are suitable for the skin and the stable emulsion type make this cream ideal for skin application. The results of this study indicate that the antibacterial cream of Spiny Amaranth leaf extract can be used as an effective alternative natural antibacterial treatment.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanolic and Decoction Extract of Crystal Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L. Cultivar Kristal) Against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus

2026-01-24T22:04:41-08:00

Background: Diarrhea is often caused by bacterial infections, including Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The irrational use of antibiotics can lead to antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the need for alternative therapies derived from natural products. Crystal guava leaves (Psidium guajava L. cultivar Kristal) are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties; however, the effectiveness of their ethanolic extract and decoction has not been widely reported. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and decoction of crystal guava leaves against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to identify the major classes of compounds responsible for the observed activity. Methods: Extraction was carried out using maceration with 96% ethanol and decoction with water. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the well diffusion method at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. Identification of active compounds was performed through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and TLC-bioautography analyses. Results: Both the ethanolic extract and the decoction exhibited antibacterial activity that increased with rising concentrations. The highest inhibition zones were observed at a concentration of 40%. The ethanolic extract demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity than the decoction, with the highest effectiveness against S. aureus. Bioautography analysis revealed that flavonoid compounds, strongly suspected to be quercetin derivatives, were the primary contributors to the antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Crystal guava leaf extract, particularly the ethanolic extract, shows significant antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus, with flavonoids identified as the key active compounds. These findings support the potential of crystal guava leaves as a natural source of antibacterial agents.

Study of Diuretic in Cirrhosis Hepatic Patients with Ascites Complication at dr Iskak Tulungagung General Hospital

2026-01-25T03:08:31-08:00

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cirrhosis is a structural change of the liver from normal to abnormal, characterized by fibrosis. Ascites is the most common complication in liver cirrhosis patients with the primary trigger (75%) is portal hypertension. The treatment focuses on removing the fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This study aim to understanding the pattern of diuretic use as ascites therapy in patients with cirrhosis hepatic. An observational study with a retrospective and descriptive approach using total sampling method in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and ascites who received diuretics at Dr Iskak Tulungagung general hospital during January-December 2022 were conducted. The tools used in this study include medical records, data collection sheets, clinical data sheets, and laboratory data. Among 62 patients, 16 (26%) received spironolactone monotherapy, 9 (14%) furosemide monotherapy, 21 (34%) combination therapy, and 16 (26%) underwent switching between regimens. Spironolactone, particularly at 100 mg orally once daily, either alone or in combination with furosemide (40 mg intravenously once daily), was the most frequently prescribed diuretic regimen. These findings indicate that the therapeutic approach applied in clinical practice has generally followed the AASLD guideline recommendations.

Qualitative Analysis of Formalin Content in White Tofu at Traditional Markets in Surakarta

2026-01-25T03:59:58-08:00

Background: Formalin is still frequently misused as a preservative in white tofu despite being prohibited in food products due to its toxic, irritant, and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, monitoring its presence in traditional markets requires detection methods that are simple, accurate, and well validated. Objective: This study aimed to detect formalin in white tofu sold in traditional markets in Surakarta City and to compare and validate three qualitative formalin detection methods (Nash reagent, KMnO₄, and Schiff reagent) in combination with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Methods: A total of 10 white tofu samples were randomly collected from five traditional markets in Surakarta. The samples were extracted and analyzed using colorimetric tests with Nash, KMnO₄, and Schiff reagents, followed by confirmatory analysis using TLC. Method validation included determination of the limit of detection (LOD) and specificity. Results: Formalin was detected in 30% of the samples (B1, C1, and D2) by all applied methods, while the remaining 70% showed negative results. The LOD test indicated that the Nash reagent exhibited the highest sensitivity, detecting formalin at concentrations as low as 3.125 ppm, followed by TLC (6.25 ppm), Schiff reagent (25 ppm), and KMnO₄ (50 ppm). All methods demonstrated good specificity, with no false-positive results observed in blank samples and negative controls. Conclusion: This study confirms the misuse of formalin in 30% of white tofu samples from traditional markets in Surakarta. The Nash reagent is recommended as the most sensitive method for initial screening, while TLC serves as an effective confirmatory method. The combination of Nash reagent and TLC provides a simple, sensitive, and specific approach for formalin surveillance in white tofu at the field level.

Anti-Dandruff Dilute Emulsion of Ylang-Ylang Flower Extract (Cananga odorata): Effect of Increasing Extract Concentration on Physicochemical Properties and Effectiveness Against Malassezia furfur

2026-01-25T18:05:31-08:00

Background: Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting approximately 50% of the global population. Dandruff treatment generally relies on chemical-based shampoos, which may cause adverse effects with long-term use. Therefore, natural-based alternatives are needed. Ylang-ylang flower (Cananga odorata) extract contains flavonoids and saponins with potential antifungal activity. To develop an effective, stable, safe, and user-friendly natural anti-dandruff product, evaluation of its physicochemical properties and antifungal efficacy is required. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of ylang-ylang flower extract on the physicochemical properties of an anti-dandruff dilute emulsion and its inhibitory activity against Malassezia furfur. Methods: ylang-ylang flowers were extracted by maceration using ethanol as a solvent at a 1:5 ratio. The extract was formulated into four formulations with concentrations of F1 (10%), F2 (15%), F3 (20%), and F4 (25%), along with a formulation without extract (F0) as a control. Physicochemical evaluations included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and pH value, while antifungal activity was assessed using the microdilution method. The pH value data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA while the freeze-thaw data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the addition of ylang-ylang flower extract significantly improved the pH stability of the formulation compared to the control (F0) (p < 0.05). The irritation test indicated that all formulations did not cause irritation in volunteers. The microdilution assay revealed that the MIC of the extract was 390.625 µg/mL, while the MIC values of the formulations containing the extract at different concentrations were 312.5 µg/mL (F1), 468.75 µg/mL (F2), 312.5 µg/mL (F3), and 390.625 µg/mL (F4). These values were higher than that of ketoconazole, which exhibited an MIC of 0.058 µg/mL. Conclusion: Increasing concentrations of ylang-ylang flower extract significantly affected the physicochemical properties of the formulation by improving pH stability and demonstrated good antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur.

Optimization of Anti-Acne Patch Formula from ambon banana stem extract with HPMC-Chitosan Using Simplex Lattice Design

2026-01-26T01:40:18-08:00

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous gland hyperactivity, abnormal follicular keratinization, excessive bacterial colonization, immune response, and inflammation. The main causes include pore obstruction due to excess sebum, with Cutibacterium acnes as the dominant bacteria. Increasing concerns about the side effects of chemical drugs and antibiotic resistance encourage the development of safer and more sustainable natural treatments. Ambon banana stem (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) contains bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, and flavonoids that exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study aims to optimize the anti-acne patch formula from Ambon banana stem extract using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and chitosan polymers through simplex lattice design (SLD) in Design-Expert® v.13. Eight formulas were made and evaluated for their physical properties, including weight uniformity, thickness, pH, moisture absorption, folding resistance, and swelling index. The optimal formula was obtained in a combination of 4 g HPMC and 0.5 g chitosan with a desirability value of 0.645. The results of the optimal formula validation with a paired t-test showed no significant differences in the formula except for pH. The Ambon banana tree stem extract patch produced an inhibition zone of 13 ± 0.5 mm against Cutibacterium acnes with a strong category although lower than the pure extract (19.03 mm) and clindamycin control (21.17 mm). This patch offers controlled drug release, ease of use without contamination, and increased patient compliance, making it an effective alternative natural acne treatment.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic and Decoction Extract of Crystal Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L. Cultivar Kristal) Against Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei

2026-01-26T10:51:12-08:00

Crystal guava leaves (Psidium guajava L. Cultivar Kristal) are plants that have potential as antibacterial agents against bacteria that cause diarrhea because they belong to the Psidium guajava L. species, which is widely reported to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of crystal guava leaves and the group of compounds that act as antibacterial agents. The study design was experimental, using ethanol extracts and decoctions of crystal guava leaves made at concentrations of 40% w/v, 20% w/v, 10% w/v, and 5% w/v and tested on bacteria that cause diarrhea, namely Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei, using the well diffusion method. Then, TLC-Bioautography was performed to detect the compound components. Statistical data analysis using SPSS began with normality, homogeneity, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that the 40% w/v concentration had the largest inhibition zone in both extracts. The compounds contained in the ethanol extract and crystal guava leaf decoction were flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Meanwhile, the specific compound that acts as an antibacterial agent in ethanol extracts and crystal guava leaf decoction is the flavonoid group, specifically quercetin. The Kruskal-Wallis test with a p-value of 0,001 < 0,005 showed that there was a significant difference between concentrations. Further analysis using the Mann-Whitney test showed that the 40% concentration group was significantly different from the 5% concentration group.

Hubungan Kadar Enzim Alkaline Phosphatase Dengan Kejadian Enamel Defect Gigi Permanen pada Anak

2026-01-28T09:34:40-08:00

Enamel gigi merupakan jaringan yang paling keras yang ada di dalam tubuh manusia yang dibentuk oleh interaksi antara protein matriks dan enzim, terkhusus kadar enzim alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Gangguan dalam regulasi atau aktivitas ALP dapat menyebabkan mineralisasi enamel yang tidak tepat dan meningkatkan risiko terjadinya Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) pada gigi permanen. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis hubungan kadar enzim ALP dengan kejadian DDE pada anak. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 children divided into two groups: normal enamel and DDE. Pemeriksaan enamel gigi menggunakan modified DDE index. Saliva dianalsis dengan metode Kolorimetrik secara duplo. Analisa statistic menggunakan Mann-Whitney test dengan hasil signifikan ketika p < 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kadar ALP rata-rata pada kelompok enamel normal lebih rendah [5,90 (1,38 – 27,82) mg/mL] dibandingkan dengan kelompok DDE [7,76 (0,13-11,89) mg/mL] dengan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan (p > 0,05). Berdasarkan temuan ini, kadar ALP dalam saliva tidak memiliki hubungan langsung yang kuat dengan DDE, sehingga potensinya sebagai biomarker tunggal untuk deteksi dini DDE terbatas.

Combination Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) and Chloramphenicol Against Salmonella typhi

2026-01-30T20:22:50-08:00

Background: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a significant health burden. Chloramphenicol is a first-line antibiotic for its treatment; however, increasing bacterial resistance necessitates alternative therapeutic strategies. Combining antibiotics with natural compounds is a potential approach to overcome resistance and reduce antibiotic doses. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) have been reported to contain bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro interaction between ethanolic extract of kersen leaves and chloramphenicol against Salmonella typhi using the checkerboard assay method. Methods: The ethanolic extract was obtained through maceration. Phytochemical constituents were analyzed qualitatively using tube tests and Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) with silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase and a chloroform:methanol (8:2 v/v) mobile phase. The antibacterial activity, expressed as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), was determined for both the single extract and chloramphenicol using the microdilution method with resazurin indicator. The interaction between the two agents was assessed using the checkerboard assay, and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) was calculated. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract of kersen leaves contained alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The MIC value of chloramphenicol alone was 19.5 µg/mL, while the extract alone showed an MIC of >1000 µg/mL against S. typhi. The checkerboard assay results indicated an increase in the MIC of chloramphenicol in combination with the extract; however, the FICI value could not be definitively determined due to the inability to establish the extract's MIC in the combination. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of kersen leaves contains various secondary metabolite groups. While chloramphenicol exhibited antibacterial activity, the extract alone did not show inhibitory activity at the tested concentrations. The combination test suggested a potential alteration in the effectiveness of chloramphenicol, but the interaction type (synergistic, additive, indifferent, or antagonistic) could not be conclusively classified. Further investigation using fractionated or isolated compounds from the leaves is recommended.

Detection of Chemical Drug Substances (CDS) in Herbal Medicines for Shortness of Breath Circulating on e-Marketplaces Using a Combination of TLC and FTIR Methods

2026-01-30T22:40:46-08:00

The circulation of herbal medicines through e-marketplaces raises serious safety concerns due to the illegal addition of chemical drug substances to provide rapid therapeutic effects. This study aimed to detect chemical drug substances, specifically theophylline and chlorpheniramine maleate, in herbal medicines marketed for shortness of breath using a combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Qualitative analysis was conducted through optimization and validation of TLC using two mobile phase systems, followed by two-dimensional chromatography to enhance separation selectivity. The optimized systems demonstrated adequate separation with acceptable resolution values. The results showed that all herbal medicine samples had retention factor (Rf) values comparable to the standard. FTIR confirmation showed typical absorption bands of chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) and theophylline, so that all samples (5 of 5) were declared positive for containing chemical drugs, with CTM identified in samples 1 and 4 and theophylline in samples 2, 3, and 5. These findings indicate that some herbal medicines circulating in e-marketplaces contain chemical drugs, which are not in accordance with the provisions of traditional medicine regulations.

Optimization of Strawberry Juice Powder (Fragaria x ananassa) and Castor Oil Lip Cream Formulation Using the Simplex Lattice Design Method

2026-01-31T01:50:03-08:00

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) contain striking red anthocyanin pigments that can serve as natural colorants for lip cream preparations and also as antioxidants. The emollient properties of castor oil can rehydrate dry skin, allowing it to function as a moisturizer for the skin and lips. This study aims to obtain the optimal formula for lip cream combining strawberry fruit strawberry juice powder as a natural colouring agent and castor oil as a moisturizer. Both ingredients were optimized using Design Expert V13 Simplex Lattice Design method, resulting in 5 formulas in 8 runs. The lip cream preparations were evaluated based on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability, irritation, hedonic, and antioxidant tests to obtain the optimal formula. Verification of the optimal formula was carried out to ensure the validity of the results. The results of the study obtained an optimal formula with a composition of 33.15 g of strawberry juice powder and 13.85 g of castor oil with a desirability value of 0.524. The optimal formula produced a pH response of 5.6; viscosity of 17686.7 cP; adhesion of 4.06 seconds; spreadability of 6.57 cm; hedonic properties in terms of colour, aroma, and spreadability of 4.7, 4.7, and 4.8, respectively; and antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 21.31 ppm. The results of the verification formula on the parameters of pH, viscosity, adhesive power and spread power did not show significant differences.

Development of a Nanoparticle Solution from the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

2026-01-31T21:13:33-08:00

Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) are known to contain secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, and steroid-triterpenoids, which have potential as immunostimulants. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of chitosan and NaTPP on the stability of nanoparticle solutions from the ethyl acetate fraction of sungkai leaves. Sungkai leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol, then fractionated using the liquid-liquid estraction method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol solvents. The ethyl acetate fraction selected to be made into nanoparticle solutions used the ionic gelation method with variations in the ratio of chitosan:NaTPP consisting of 3 formulas, namely F1 (5:1), F2 (10:1), F3 (20:1). Characterization of the nanoparticle solution was carried out by organoleptic testing, measuring % transmittance, particle size with a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and measuring the zeta potential value. The results showed that F3 (Chitosan:NaTPP 20:1) produced an average particle size of 953.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0,338, and a zeta potential of 43.2 mV, indicating relatively better stability compared to the other formulas. However, the percent transmittance obtained was still below the optimum (80-100%), which was 68.88%. In conclusion, increasing the chitosan:NaTPP ratio affected the environmental stability of the nanoparticles, and formula. F3 was the most stable formula in this study.

Analysis of Mercury and Hydroquinone Content in Online Facial Whitening Creams Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2026-01-31T22:01:13-08:00

The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and plays an important protective and physiological role. Currently, fair skin is often regarded as a beauty standard desired by both men and women. Mercury and hydroquinone are active ingredients commonly used in whitening products due to their ability to inhibit melanin formation; however, their use can cause serious toxic effects. This study aimed to determine the presence of mercury and hydroquinone qualitatively and quantitatively in facial whitening creams sold online in Bandung City. Samples showing positive results were further analyzed quantitatively to determine their concentrations. For mercury analysis, samples were digested using a microwave digestion method to eliminate organic substances. The color reaction test for mercury employed KI 0.5 N, HCl 6 M, and NaOH 2 N reagents. Based on qualitative testing, samples labeled D and N were positive for mercury. Quantitative determination of mercury was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. For hydroquinone analysis, qualitative color tests were carried out using FeCl₃ 5%, phenanthroline, and Benedict reagents, while quantitative analysis was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Of the 17 samples tested, two (D and N) contained mercury at concentrations of 2,776 ± 0,036 μg/g and 4,277 ± 0,021 μg/g, respectively, and two others (E and H) contained hydroquinone 2,3745% and 2,4798%.

Combined ultrasound and enzymatic-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid compounds from Arabica Coffee Cascara Kerinci

2026-02-01T00:25:03-08:00

Arabica Coffee Cascara (CKA) has high potential as a source of bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid, which has antioxidant activity. The release of active compound can be optimized by combining ultrasonic and enzymatic methods, which are more efficient and environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of ultrasound-enzymatic-assisted extraction (UEAE) using water as a solvent for chlorogenic acid compound from CKA using Response Surface Methodology Box-Behnken Design (RSM_BBD). Three extraction parameters, such as sonication temperature (35-45°C), enzyme concentration (10-20 mg/g), and enzymolysis temperature (40-60°C), were designed to obtain optimal chlorogenic acid content. Based on the general trend data, results indicated that the highest chlorogenic acid content was 42.55 mg/g of dry extract, and was achieved under specific conditions: a sonication temperature of 40°C, an enzyme concentration of 10 mg/g, and an enzymolysis temperature of 60°C. Verification tests showed a value of 44.17 mg/g dry extract within the model’s prediction range with a 95% confidence level. The current quadratic RSM model with the existing factor design is not yet a reliable predictive tool and only serves to explore the range of operational extraction conditions.

Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Completeness and Its Impact on Therapeutic Outcomes in Unstable Angina Pectoris: A Tertiary Hospital Study in Indonesia

2026-02-01T21:01:22-08:00

Unstable angina pectoris (UAP) is a major cause of cardiovascular hospitalization and requires complex inpatient pharmacological management. Variability in the completeness of core guideline-recommended acute pharmacotherapy may influence inpatient therapeutic outcomes, including length of hospital stay (LOS). This study aimed to evaluate the completeness of core guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy and its association with LOS among hospitalized patients with unstable angina pectoris at a tertiary referral hospital in Indonesia. A descriptive observational study with a retrospective design was conducted using secondary data from medical records. Of 214 hospitalized patients screened, 144 adult patients diagnosed with unstable angina pectoris met the inclusion criteria. Data collected included demographic characteristics, smoking status, comorbidities, LOS, and pharmacological therapy administered during hospitalization. Pharmacotherapy completeness was operationally defined based on the documented use of three core disease-modifying drug classes recommended for the acute management of unstable angina pectoris: antiplatelet therapy (single or dual), statin therapy, and beta-blocker therapy based on core acute-phase recommendations in the ESC 2023 and AHA/ACC 2023 guidelines, at any time during the inpatient stay. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics and medication use, while bivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between pharmacotherapy completeness and LOS. Most patients were male (62.5%) and aged 40–59 years (47.9%) or ≥60 years (43.1%), with a median LOS of 4 days (interquartile range 3–5). The most frequently prescribed drug classes were statins (92.4%), beta-blockers (91.7%), aspirin (88.2%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (86.1%). Dual antiplatelet therapy was administered in 66.7% of patients, and anticoagulants in 28.5%. Bivariate analysis showed no statistically significant association between pharmacotherapy completeness and length of hospital stay (p = 0.642). In conclusion, hospitalized patients with unstable angina pectoris generally received pharmacological therapy aligned with core guideline-recommended acute-phase management. However, the absence of a significant association between pharmacotherapy completeness and LOS suggests that LOS is a multifactorial outcome influenced by clinical and organizational factors beyond pharmacological management. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive inpatient care and structured medication review, including the role of clinical pharmacists, in optimizing treatment for patients with UAP.

Effervescent Granule Formulation Containing Cyclea barbata Miers Leaf Extract: Physical Evaluation (Before and After Reconstitution)

2026-02-02T21:07:07-08:00

Cyclea barbata Miers leaf extract contains flavonoid compounds that have anti-inflammatory activity. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentrations on the physical properties of effervescent granules before (organoleptic, flow time, angle of repose, water content, and compressibility index test) and after (organoleptic, dissolve time, foam height, pH, and hedonic) reconstitution. Effervescent granules were formulated using the wet granulation method using varying concentrations of citric acid: sodium bicarbonate, respectively, it is FI (17%: 30%), FII (20%: 27%) and FIII (23%: 24%). Based on the results of the evaluation test of the physical properties of effervescent granules, FI and FII are appropriate for the requirements of each test, while FIII did not appropriate the requirements in the flow time, angle of repose, foam height and pH tests. This study concludes that FI (17%:30%) demonstrated the most optimal physical properties, meeting all evaluation parameters and receiving the highest hedonic score.

Potential Drug Interactions in Patients with Neurological Diseases at Hospital X in Pidie District, Aceh: quantitative descriptive study

2026-02-02T22:39:34-08:00

Background: Drug interactions can increase the risk of side effects and reduce the success of therapy, especially in neurological patients who often receive polypharmacy. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of administering a combination of drugs as a trigger for potential drug interactions based on their classification (minor, moderate, major) in patients with neurological diseases. Methods: This study is a retrospective quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of outpatient neurological patients who received more than two drugs that met the inclusion criteria. Potential drug interactions were analyzed using the https://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html. Results: The highest category of drug interactions was moderate (n= 52; 75%) with the following drug combinations: (amlodipine and bisoprolol); (Simvastatin + Miconazole); (Simvastatin + Omeprazole); (Hydrochlorothiazide + Codeine); (Codeine + Amitriptyline). In addition, a major drug interaction category (n=28; 25%) was found in the administration of drug combinations (simvastatin and amlodipine) causing liver damage; (Alprazolam + Codeine); (Diazepam + Codeine); (Codeine + Gabapentin) each of these three drug interactions can cause CNS depression, (Furosemide + Gentamicin) causes additive nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Conclusion: Moderate-category interactions were the most common (amlodipine and bisoprolol). These drug interactions included pharmacodynamic interactions, and the combination of these drugs could cause clinical risks (hypotension, bradycardia). These findings indicate the need for pharmacists to perform clinical pharmacy services related to prescription review and drug therapy monitoring for patients receiving more than two drugs, as well as providing information to patients on the appropriate timing and dosage of their medications to avoid moderate and major drug interactions in neurological patients in hospitals.

Analysis of the Quality of Coconut Milk Yogurt with the Addition of Sugar Palm Flour During Storage

2026-02-03T21:05:11-08:00

The addition of flour from kolang kaling in this research aims to act as a stabilizer and improve the quality of fermented drinks (yoghurt) made from coconut milk. This research aims to analyze the quality of coconut milk yogurt with the addition of kolang kaling flour by testing its physicochemical properties. Experimental research with coconut milk yogurt samples with the addition of 1% kolang kaling flour and without the addition was stored at 4⁰C for 14 days and analyzed for pH, viscosity and total LAB, as well as testing the research samples for water content using the distillation method (thermovolumetric), protein using the method Kjeldahl, fat using Soxhlet extraction, carbohydrate (starch) content testing using the UV Visible spectrophotometric method, and total acid using the titration and organoleptic method with 9 hedonic scales. Research shows that the results of adding palm fruit flour have an effect on the analysis parameters and are in accordance with SNI, namely pH reaches 5-3.94, carbohydrates decrease during H14 fermentation by 20.1%, protein reaches 6.5%, fat around 3%, water content is very low, namely 49%, The viscosity is very low, namely 2.8cP, the acid number is sufficient according to SNI in H14, namely 2%, %, as well as the hedonic results during storage which show statistical test results which are significantly different (P<0.05) on day 7 and day 14. The research can be concluded based on physicochemical analysis and conformity with SNI that the quality of coconut milk yogurt with the addition of kolang kaling flour during storage is good and in accordance with food standards.

Hepatoprotective Test of N-Hexane Fraction of Jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) Stem Bark on Ast, Alt, and Albumin Levels

2026-02-03T22:36:42-08:00

The liver plays an important role in the metabolism and detoxification of harmful substances in the body. One of the drugs that can cause liver damage if used excessively is paracetamol. Liver damage due to paracetamol is characterized by an increase in the levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) enzymes as well as a decrease in albumin levels in the blood. The bark of the jamblang tree (Syzygium cumini) contains flavonoid compounds, tannins, and triterpenoids that have antioxidant properties and may possess hepatoprotective effects. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the n-hexane fraction of jamblang bark on liver function parameters in male Wistar strain white rats induced with paracetamol, and to determine the most effective dose. This study involved 20 rats divided into five treatment groups: negative control (paracetamol 1000 mg/KgBB), positive control (silymarin 50 mg/KgBB), and three test groups that were given n-hexane fraction at graded doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/KgBB). The treatment was given for 21 days, while paracetamol was administered from day 15 to day 21. The results showed that the levels of AST and ALT were significantly affected by the n-hexane fraction of jamblang bark at a dose of 50 mg/KgBB with p < 0.0001 for AST and p = 0.0002 for ALT. Meanwhile, albumin levels were significantly affected at a dose of 200 mg/KgBB with p = 0.0411. From the results, it can be concluded that the n-hexane fraction of jamblang bark has the potential as a hepatoprotective agent, especially at a dose of 50 mg/KgBW.

Determination of Retinoic Acid Content in Anti-Acne Creams in Blora Regency Using UV Spectrophotometry

2026-02-04T09:13:14-08:00

Acne is a skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving the sebaceous glands and excessive bacterial colonization. Management of acne generally requires external treatment, focusing on maintaining facial hygiene using facial cleansers supported by the use of anti-acne products. Anti-acne creams are cosmetic products formulated with active ingredients that help prevent and treat acne. One of the active ingredients commonly used in such products to improve acne-prone skin conditions is retinoic acid. Based on BPOM RI 2007, that use of retinoic acid requires a doctor’s prescription. The purpose of this study to identify the levels of retinoic acid in anti-acne cream product circulating in the Blora regency area. Qualitative testing using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method obtained 1 sample out of 5 containing retinoic acid. Based on the calculating of validation parameters, the equation Y = 0.1488x – 0.0026 with a correlation coefficient (r)of 0.993, exLOD 0.554 ppm, LOQ 1.681 ppm, %RSD 1.8895% and %Recovery 83.823 – 109.503%. The calculating of the levels in sample that positive for containing retinoic acid, sample E obtained at 0.103036%, which exceeds the limit established in the National Formulary.

Association Between Patient Characteristics and Medication Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients Assessed by the MMAS-8 Scale

2026-02-04T20:41:58-08:00

Background: Hypertension is classified as a non-communicable disease with a relatively high prevalence and poses a significant risk of various complications if not properly managed or controlled. Medication adherence plays a crucial role in determining the success of antihypertensive therapy. Objective:This study aimed to analyze the level of medication adherence among hypertensive patients at Pidie Jaya General Hospital using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) instrument. Methods:This research employed a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach involving 98 hypertensive patients selected using the Slovin formula. Data were collected using the MMAS-8 questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results:The findings showed that medication adherence among respondents was categorized as adherent (26.5%), moderately adherent (58.2%), and non-adherent (15.3%). There were no significant associations between adherence and sex, age, education, occupation, duration of treatment, number of medications, or family support (p > 0.05). However, a significant relationship was found between medication adherence and the distance from the patient's residence to the healthcare facility (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Distance to treatment affects the level of compliance of hypertensive patients with medication. Therefore, strategies are needed to improve access to healthcare services, including optimizing clinical pharmacy services to monitor patient compliance.

Comparative Study of Maceration and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) on the Yield of Kalangkala (Litsea angulata) Leaf Extract

2026-02-05T20:46:21-08:00

Kalangkala (Litsea angulata) is an endemic plant of Kalimantan that has long been used in local traditional medicine to manage various health conditions. Phytochemical reports indicate that Kalangkala contains diverse secondary metabolites, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and carotenoids. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction method is essential to maximize metabolite recovery while minimizing degradation. This experimental study compared the extraction yield of Kalangkala leaf extract obtained using maceration and ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) methods. Each method was performed in three replicates and the percentage yield was calculated. Maceration produced yields of 2.10-2.18%, whereas ASE produced higher yields of 13.25-14.01%. the mean yield of maceration was 2.14 ± 0.04% (95% Cl: 2.04-2.24), while ASE achieved 13.64 ± 0.38% (95%Cl: 12.69-14.58). A two-tailed Welch’s t-test confirmed a statistically significant difference between methods (p = 0.00032), with a mean difference of 11.49% (95% Cl: 10.56-12.42). In conclusion, ASE provided a higher extraction yield than maceration under the conditions evaluated in this study.

Potention Antimicrobial of Infusa Extract from Pedada Leave (Sonneratia caseolaris L) Mandeh, West Sumatera

2026-02-11T22:04:39-08:00

The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a serious global health threat, highlighting the need for alternative antimicrobial sources derived from natural products. Pedada mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris L.), widely distributed in the coastal area of Mandeh, West Sumatra, has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of leaf infusion extracts of Sonneratia caseolaris and to determine the effect of heating time variation on antimicrobial activity. Leaf infusion extracts were prepared using boiling water with heating durations of 10, 15, and 30 minutes. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that all infusion extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity with varying inhibition levels. The optimal heating time was 10 minutes, resulting in inhibition zone diameters of 10.5 mm against E. coli, 10 mm against S. aureus, and 10 mm against C. albicans. These findings indicate that Sonneratia caseolaris leaf infusion extract has potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, with shorter heating time being more effective in preserving antimicrobial activity.

Herbal Tea of Kelakai Leaves (Stenochlaena palustris) as a Potential Phytoestrogen for Breast Milk Production: Inspired by the Local Wisdom of the Suku Anak Dalam, Jambi

2026-02-13T05:29:10-08:00

This study was conducted in response to the problem of low breast milk production among some breastfeeding mothers, which may adversely affect infant growth and development. One approach to enhancing breast milk production is the utilization of natural substances containing phytoestrogens. Kelakai leaves (Stenochlaena palustris) are a plant traditionally used by the Suku Anak Dalam community as part of local wisdom to support maternal health during the postpartum period. This study aimed to develop kelakai leaf herbal tea as a natural source of phytoestrogens with potential to support increased breast milk production. The research employed a quasi-experimental design using a one-group pre-test and post-test with control group approach, complemented by laboratory analyses including identification of active compounds, simplicia processing, herbal tea formulation, phytochemical screening, and phytoestrogen content analysis. The results demonstrated that kelakai leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, and phytoestrogenic compounds that may contribute to the stimulation of prolactin and oxytocin secretion. Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of kelakai herbal tea administration on breast milk production among breastfeeding mothers. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that kelakai herbal tea has potential as an alternative herbal beverage derived from local wisdom that may support the success of exclusive breastfeeding programs.

Animal Fat-Commercial Based Solid Soap Quality Test and Identification Using FTIR

2026-02-15T10:12:39-08:00

Background: Solid soap is produced by saponification of fatty acids with strong bases, and its quality is influenced by the type of fat used. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of solid soap made from beef tallow and lard and to identify compound profiles using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Method: The methods include dry-rendering fat extraction, solid soap formulation, and soap quality tests (organoleptic properties, pH, moisture content, and foam height). FTIR analysis was conducted to compare the absorption spectra of each soap. Results: The results showed that soaps derived from both fat sources met all quality requirements specified in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). FTIR analysis revealed generally similar spectral patterns; the lard solid soap exhibited a characteristic absorption band at approximately 3009 cm⁻¹, corresponding to =C-H stretching vibrations of unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, this band was not detected in the solid soap made from beef tallow. In addition, the CH₂ rocking vibration around 720 cm⁻¹ was more pronounced in the beef tallow solid soap, indicating a higher proportion of long-chain saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: FTIR effectively identifies fat types and can be used in raw material authentication, especially in product halalness.

Formulation of Aromatherapy Wind Oil Using a Combination of Chamomile Oil (Matricaria recutita) and Rose Oil (Rosa alba)

2026-02-15T11:05:35-08:00

Aromatherapy is a form of complementary therapy that utilizes plant-derived essential oils to support physical and mental health. Chamomile essential oil (Matricaria recutita) possesses a characteristic calming aroma and has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and sedative effects. Rose essential oil (Rosa alba) is also known for its antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, as well as its potential to reduce blood pressure and alleviate sleep disorders, migraines, and stress. This study aims to determine the optimal composition of chamomile and rose essential oils in an aromatherapy medicated oil formulation based on its physical characteristics. The formulation employed olive oil and red palm oil as carrier bases due to their high antioxidant content, particularly vitamin E and carotenoids. Optimization was conducted using a Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) approach with eight combination formulations. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, specific gravity, and displaced volume. The results demonstrated that the combination of chamomile and rose essential oils significantly influenced the physical characteristics of the formulation. Based on the optimization of physical parameters (pH, specific gravity, and displaced volume) the optimal formulation was obtained with a composition of 1.5% chamomile essential oil and 1.5% rose essential oil. This formulation exhibited acceptable physical characteristics.

Pharmaceutical Services for Underdeveloped, Frontier, and Outermost (3T) Areas Related to HIV Disease Programs Based on the Integration of Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) Models: A Systematic Review

2026-01-23T03:41:12-08:00

Background: Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) has been proposed to improve HIV treatment continuity in remote areas; however, its success depends on the integration of systemic supports. Objective: This review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of community-based DSD models and the determinants of their success in underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost (3T) areas, particularly concerning supply chain resilience, quality assurance, and aligned governance and financing. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature repositories (2010–2025). Out of 1,520 records, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Community-based DSD models (ART groups, MMD) were effective in improving adherence, retention, and reducing visit burden. This success was strongly determined by: (1) ARV supply chain stability (minimal stock-out days, synchronization with MMD schedules); (2) quality assurance in storage–distribution (temperature control, FEFO); and (3) aligned governance and financing (pharmacist roles, community health worker incentives, last-mile funding). Qualitative findings identified service proximity, confidentiality, and logistical reliability as key facilitators. Conclusion: DSD is a systemic intervention whose effectiveness hinges on multidimensional readiness. Strengthening HIV pharmaceutical services in 3T areas requires an integrated approach that simultaneously builds supply resilience, service quality, and adaptive governance. This review proposes operational indicators and a phased implementation roadmap for contextual adaptation.

Literature Review: Comparative Investigation of Antioxidants in Herbal Medicinal Plants on Java Island Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and the DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) Method

2026-01-25T02:54:36-08:00

Due to environmental changes and pollution due to free radicals, interest in alternative medicine is increasing, especially on the island of Java. Natural health solutions are increasingly needed, which is what prompted this research. We measured the concentration of antioxidant compounds using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method and the free radical scavenging capacity of plant extracts using the DPPH method. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods with IC50 value determination, this article aims to investigate and compare potential herbal plants found on the island of Java. This research was carried out using a literature review method by considering inclusion and exclusion criteria with keywords such as antioxidants, herbal medicinal plants, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and DPPH method. The results showed that the plant species studied had different antioxidant activities. Some herbs have high levels of antioxidants, so they may be used as natural health supplements. Additionally, this study emphasizes how important it is to use accurate analytical methods to evaluate antioxidant content. To provide a comprehensive picture of the antioxidant potential of each plant, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and DPPH methods work together. The results show that this study identified several herbal plants on the island of Java that have high levels of antioxidants. These plants can be used to develop herbal-based health products. To carry out a comparative evaluation of antioxidant content, the UV-Vis and DPPH spectrophotometric methods were proven to be effective. This discovery can be the basis for further research and development of more effective and useful herbal health products.

Drug Interactions in Geriatric Patients: An Evidence-Based Review of the Combination of Antihypertensives and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

2026-02-10T19:38:36-08:00

The number of elderly individuals continues to increase globally, accompanied by a high prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly hypertension and musculoskeletal disorders. This condition makes geriatric patients vulnerable to polypharmacy, which increases the risk of drug interactions, one of which is between antihypertensives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Such interactions can potentially reduce therapy effectiveness, cause electrolyte disturbances, and lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aims to comprehensively examine the interaction between antihypertensives and NSAIDs in geriatric patients and its impact on therapy safety. The method used is a literature review by selecting national and international articles published between 2015 and 2025, written in either Indonesian or English, specifically investigating interactions between antihypertensives (β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and CCBs) and NSAIDs. The review results indicate that most interactions are pharmacodynamic, involving either antagonism or negative synergism. NSAIDs can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy through mechanisms such as sodium retention, afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, and decreased renal perfusion. In certain combinations, such as the triple whammy phenomenon (NSAIDs, diuretics, and RAAS inhibitors), the risk of AKI and hyperkalemia increases significantly. This risk is higher in geriatric patients with decreased kidney function, comorbidities, and concurrent use of multiple drugs. In conclusion, the interaction between antihypertensives and NSAIDs in the elderly population is an important clinical issue. Therefore, close monitoring of kidney function and electrolytes, using the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration, and patient education to avoid self-medication are necessary to ensure therapy safety.