Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Comparison of Phenolic and Antioxidant Contents in Tea Brewing and Kombucha Tea Variants by Visible Spectrophotometry

2025-07-07T11:47:25-07:00

One of the most widely consumed aromatic beverages in the world is tea. Tea shoots are rich in polyphenolic compounds that function as antioxidants. Not many people know that tea can be fermented with a type of bacteria and yeast culture that can be consumed as a drink for health known as kombucha tea. The health benefits of consuming kombucha tea as anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, detoxification, increased immune response, treating stomach ulcers and lowering cholesterol levels as well as high blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity as well as the comparison of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in tea brewing variations with kombucha tea variations. The methods carried out include testing the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method on tea brewing variants and kombucha tea variants by visible spectrophotometry.mThe results of total phenolic content in black tea, green tea, and oolong tea were 24,480 mgGAE/g, 26,538 mgGAE/g, and 38,427 mgGAE/g, respectively, while kombucha black tea, green tea, and oolong tea were 39,264 mgGAE/g, 58,581 mgGAE/g, and 64,299 mgGAE/g, respectively. Brewed black tea, green tea, and oolong tea have antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 105,68 ppm in teh moderate category, 81,59 ppm in teh strong category, and 56,25 ppm in the strong category, respectively. In kombucha black tea, green tea, and oolong tea have antioxidant activity with IC50 values respectively 101,60 ppm with moderate category, 55,82 ppm with strong category, and 39,69 ppm with very strong category. While teh vitamin C comparator has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 3,22 ppm with a very strong category.

Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Bandotan Leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on Healing of Burn Wounds in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Diabetes Mellitus

2025-07-11T03:24:55-07:00

Burn wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus experience impaired healing due to chronic hyperglycemia. This study aims to identify phytochemical compounds, analyze the characteristics of crude drugs, and test the activity of ethanol extracts of bandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on burn wound healing in rats (Rattus norvegicus) with diabetes mellitus, including histological evaluation of wound tissue. Screening results showed that the extract contains active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, quinones, and steroids. Herbal material characterization met standards for moisture and ash content but did not meet standards for water-soluble and ethanol-soluble extract content. The extract gel formulation was tested at three concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%). Efficacy tests showed that the 15% gel accelerated wound healing by 100% by day 15, with histological findings indicating increased numbers of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and capillary blood vessels. This study concludes that ethanol extract of bandotan leaves has potential as an effective wound healing agent, particularly in diabetic conditions.

Effectiveness Test of Acne Facial Wash Gel Containing Ethanol Extract of Jackfruit Leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

2025-07-16T04:40:20-07:00

Background: Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) contain antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which can damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and denature cellular proteins. This potential supports the development of a facial wash gel using jackfruit leaf extract as a natural antibacterial alternative. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a facial wash gel containing jackfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923. Methods: This experimental study included sample preparation, identification, extraction, phytochemical screening, and gel formulation evaluation (organoleptic test, homogeneity, spreadability, foam height, pH, irritation, and cycling test). Antibacterial activity was tested against S. aureus, with a positive control (Himalaya (Brand) Facial Wash) and a negative control (DMSO). Results: The extract yield was 11.26%, positively detecting flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The gel formulations (F1-F3) were semi-solid, dark green, and had a characteristic jackfruit leaf aroma, with a pH of 5–6. Homogeneity tests confirmed uniform consistency, with the highest foam height in F3 (3.7 cm) and optimal spreadability in F1-F2 (6 cm). No irritation was observed, and the gel remained stable in cycling tests. The antibacterial test showed the highest inhibition at 12% extract concentration (92.3%), while the formulated gel also effectively inhibited S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Jackfruit leaves can be successfully formulated into a stable and safe facial wash gel with effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Fractionated Alkaloid Extract from Raru Bark (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

2025-07-20T09:02:06-07:00

Background: Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre (raru bark), traditionally used to treat diarrhea, malaria, and diabetes. However, scientific validation of its alkaloid compounds and antibacterial potential is still limited. Objective: This study aimed to (1) fractionate alkaloids from raru bark extract using chloroform liquid-liquid extraction, (2) identify alkaloid functional groups via FT-IR spectroscopy, (3) quantify alkaloid levels in ethanol and methanol extracts using UV spectrophotometry, and (4) evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The research stages included plant material processing, ethanol/methanol extraction, phytochemical screening, alkaloid fractionation with chloroform, FT-IR analysis, UV spectrophotometry for alkaloid quantification, and antibacterial testing via disc diffusion at 40%, 50%, and 60% concentrations. Results: Alkaloid fractions were successfully isolated, containing functional groups N-H, C-N, C=O, aromatic C=C, and sharp C=O. The methanol extract yielded higher alkaloid levels (21.03 ± 0.10%) than ethanol (18.95 ± 0.09%). The 50% alkaloid fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 21.1 mm (E. coli) and 23.1 mm (S. aureus). Conclusion: Raru bark alkaloids exhibit significant antibacterial effects, with methanol extract demonstrating superior alkaloid content and efficacy.

Sunscreen Innovation: Development of a Water-Resistant Compact Powder Formula Based on Titanium Dioxide for Optimal UV Protection

2025-07-20T09:02:03-07:00

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation contributes to skin aging and damage, necessitating effective protection. Sunscreens offer a solution by absorbing, scattering, and reflecting UV radiation, especially those containing titanium dioxide, which has strong UV-blocking properties. Innovation in the form of compact powder sunscreen presents a practical and efficient daily protection approach due to its easy-to-apply formulation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics of compact powder sunscreen formulations, including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, hardness, and the effect of titanium dioxide on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. Methods: Formulations were prepared and evaluated through physical tests, including organoleptic assessment, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, and hardness, as well as SPF measurement using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: Titanium dioxide contributed to the light brown color, smooth texture, and vanilla scent of the formulations. It also enhanced the SPF value. The most optimal formulation was Formula 4, containing 25% titanium dioxide, which met the desired physical criteria and achieved an SPF value of 15.06, categorized as ultra protection. Conclusion: The addition of titanium dioxide positively affected the physical characteristics and SPF value of compact powder sunscreen. Formula 4, with 25% titanium dioxide, demonstrated the best results and the highest SPF, making it the most optimal formulation for UV protection

The Effect of Soaking Time and Grinding Temperature Variations on Soy Milk Protein Content

2025-07-20T10:26:11-07:00

Soy milk, an extract from soybeans, significantly contributes to human nutritional needs, particularly as a source of plant-based protein. The protein quality in soy milk is highly influenced by processing parameters, including soybean soaking duration and grinding temperature. This study aimed to determine the optimum combination of soaking time and grinding temperature to maximize soy milk's protein content. The effects of these two factors were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD). Experiments were conducted for 13 experimental combinations, replicated three times. Protein content was determined by the Lowry method, while pH measurements were also performed to monitor quality. Grinding temperatures ranged from 25°C to 80°C and soaking times varied from 6 to 12 hours, using Grobogan soybean variety as the main raw material. Other parameters such as soybean quantity, water volume, soaking temperature, and boiling and grinding times were set as controlled variables. Optimization results using Design-Expert software indicated that the optimum formulation was achieved at a grinding temperature of 61°C and a soaking time of 9 hours 46 minutes. Under these optimum conditions, the resulting soy milk exhibited a protein content of 3.1% (w/w) and a pH of 7.02, both meeting established soy milk quality standards.

Effect of ethanol extract of nutmeg pulp (Myristica fragrans Houtt) on heart histopathology hyperglycemic wistar rats

2025-07-20T11:24:44-07:00

The heart is an organ significantly impacted by diabetes mellitus problems, as elevated free radical generation and oxidative stress from hyperglycemia activate the apoptosis and necrosis pathways in cardiac myocytes. This study aimed to ascertain the histological characteristics of the cardiac tissue in rats subjected to hyperglycemia following the administration of ethanol extract from nutmeg fruit flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt). This study employed rice as a diabetes inducer in 25 rats, categorized into 5 treatment groups: group 1 received Na-CMC, group 2 received metformin, group 3 received a dosage of 100 mg/KgBW, group 4 received a dosage of 200 mg/KgBW, and group 5 received a dosage of 300 mg/KgBW. The detected data included alterations in body weight, blood glucose levels, organ mass, and cardiac histology. The data were evaluated employing the One-Way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The findings indicated that all groups treated with nutmeg fruit flesh ethanol extract exhibited a substantial enhancement in the histopathology of rat hearts compared to the negative control group 0,03 (p<0.05). The administration of nutmeg fruit flesh extract can ameliorate histopathological damage to the hearts of hyperglycemic rats at doses of 100 mg/KgBW, 200 mg/KgBW, and 300 mg/KgBW, indicating that nutmeg fruit flesh may serve as a cardioprotective drug in diabetic subjects.

Folic Acid Supplementation in First-Trimester Pregnant Women for Preeclampsia Prevention: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2025-07-22T08:21:47-07:00

Preeclampsia is a disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria that manifests during gestation. Various vitamins can influence food consumption during pregnancy. Folic acid supplementation is known to reduce preeclampsia risk, yet adherence remains low among pregnant women. The objective of the research is to identify risk variables and dosage efficacy associated with folic acid utilization. This study employs an retrospective cohort study and utilizes retrospective data collection. Data was gathered from Cahaya Ibu Pharmacy Store in Makassar, encompassing a total of 164 patients. A chi-square statistical study indicated a substantial risk association between pregnant women and the onset of hypertension in comparison to nonpregnant individuals, with a p-value of 0.001. Pregnant women had twice the risk, as shown by an odds ratio of 1.9. The study of Fisher's test data indicates a correlation between patient age and hypertension condition. The findings indicate no substantial correlation between the two variables, with a p-value of 0.523. The findings indicate a substantial correlation between the mitigation of raised blood pressure risk and the consumption of folic acid. The early use of folic acid during pregnancy planning significantly diminishes the likelihood of preeclampsia. Risk factors for preeclampsia include insufficient folic acid consumption, the duration of folic acid supplementation, and the pregnancy status of individuals with a disease risk of up to 98%. Less at age 30 years old, the consumption of folic acid may reduce the risk.

Formulation of Synbiotic Yogurt with Modified Purple Yam Starch Incorporation: Evaluation of Syneresis, Probiotic Bacterial Viability, and Organoleptic Acceptance

2025-07-27T21:24:35-07:00

Background: Yogurt quality improvement can be achieved through synbiotic formulations combining probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus) with prebiotics from modified purple yam starch (Dioscorea alata). This plant contains 7.54% inulin and has potential as a natural stabilizer, but its utilization in synbiotic yogurt remains suboptimal. This study aims to evaluate the effect of modified starch incorporation on probiotic viability, physical stability, and sensory acceptance. Objective: This research aimed to examine the capability of modified purple yam starch as a prebiotic source in synbiotic yogurt, focusing on its impact on syneresis, bacterial viability, and organoleptic properties. Methods: An experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments. The process included purple yam starch extraction, starch modification via autoclaving (110°C and 121°C), yogurt fermentation using three bacterial strains, and evaluation of pH, syneresis, Total Plate Count (TPC), and hedonic tests by 20 panelists. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: Yogurt formulations with modified yam starch yielded optimal pH (6.81 with L. rhamnosus) and highest syneresis (30.02%). Bacterial viability reached 431 × 10³ CFU/mL (10⁻² dilution) for L. rhamnosus. Organoleptic tests showed the highest scores for aroma (6.90 ± 0.31) and a significant correlation between taste-thickness (ρ=0.52; p<0.05). Color was consistent (score 6), while texture preference varied (scores 5-7). Conclusion: Modified purple yam starch effectively functions as a prebiotic and stabilizer in synbiotic yogurt, supporting probiotic viability and sensory acceptance. This formulation holds promise as a functional food product utilizing local ingredients.

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Traditional Herbal Medicine (Jamu Pegal Linu) Circulating in Banda Aceh City

2025-07-30T23:58:48-07:00

Background: Jamu pegal linu (traditional Indonesian herbal medicine for muscle and joint pain) is widely consumed to relieve muscle and bone discomfort. However, there are concerns about heavy metal contamination, particularly lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), in some products circulating in Banda Aceh City. Such contamination poses serious health risks, including organ damage and poisoning, necessitating thorough analysis to ensure product safety. Objective: This study aimed to detect and measure Pb and Hg levels in jamu pegal linu samples sold on Diponegoro Street, Banda Aceh, and compare them with the safety limits set by the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM RI). Methods: A total of 23 samples were qualitatively analyzed using KI, NaOH, and HCl reagents (for Pb) and HNO₃ and KI (for Hg). Positive samples were further analyzed quantitatively using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Method validation included linearity, precision, accuracy, LoD, and LoQ assessments. Results: Qualitative testing revealed Pb and Hg contamination in 12 samples. Pb levels ranged from 1.45–9.17 mg/kg (below BPOM’s threshold of ≤10 mg/kg), while Hg levels ranged from 0.14–1.37 mg/kg, with six samples exceeding the safe limit (≤0.5 mg/kg). The highest Hg concentration (1.37 mg/kg) was found in an unregistered product. Conclusion: Most jamu pegal linu products in Banda Aceh contain heavy metals, particularly Hg, at unsafe levels. Strict regulatory oversight, especially for unregistered products, is crucial to safeguard public health.

The Relationship Between Education Level, Knowledge, and Spousal Support with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices Among Working Mothers at Sunggal Primary Clinic

2025-07-31T09:59:35-07:00

Background: The low rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia (52.5% in 2021), particularly in North Sumatra (57.83%), remains a pressing public health issue, especially among working mothers. Educational level, knowledge, and husband support are strongly suspected to influence the success of exclusive breastfeeding, yet these factors have been underexplored in the context of primary clinics in urban areas such as Sunggal. Objective: To analyze the relationship between educational level, knowledge, and husband support with exclusive breastfeeding practices among working mothers at the Sunggal Primary Clinic.
Methods: This quantitative, cross-sectional study involved 30 working mothers selected through total sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires and interviews, then analyzed using Chi-Square tests and logistic regression to measure the strength of associations (OR). Results: Statistical analysis showed significant relationships between all three independent variables and exclusive breastfeeding practices (p<0.05). Husband support emerged as the most dominant factor with an odds ratio (OR) of 8.2 (95% CI: 2.1–32.4), followed by maternal knowledge (OR=5.6; 95% CI: 1.8–17.3) and educational level (OR=4.3; 95% CI: 1.5–12.4). Specifically, mothers who received strong support from their husbands were 8.2 times more likely to successfully provide exclusive breastfeeding compared to those who did not. Likewise, mothers with good knowledge were 5.6 times more likely to succeed, and highly educated mothers were 4.3 times more successful than those with limited knowledge and education. Multivariate analysis indicated interaction among these three factors, with husband support amplifying the positive effects of education and knowledge. Among respondents who possessed all three positive factors (higher education, good knowledge, and strong husband support), 86.7% successfully provided exclusive breastfeeding, while only 13.3% succeeded in the group lacking these factors. Conclusion: This study strengthens the evidence that family-based interventions focusing on enhancing the husband’s role, along with comprehensive education, can be an effective strategy to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates among working mothers. These findings highlight the need for clinic policies that integrate lactation counseling for couples.

Formulation Gel Ethyl Acetate Fraction Stem Jarak Cina (Jattropha multifida L.) Effectiveness in Burn Healing

2025-08-01T06:47:31-07:00

Background: Burns represent a condition of damaged or lost skin tissue due to high-temperature exposure. Oral therapy has limitations in penetrating hardened skin tissue, necessitating topical preparations such as gels that offer advantages in comfort, absorption capability, and ease of application. The stem of physic nut (Jatropha multifida L.) contains bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins that may accelerate burn wound healing, particularly in its ethyl acetate fraction. Objective: This study aimed to formulate the ethyl acetate fraction of physic nut stem into a gel preparation and evaluate the effect of concentration variations on burn wound healing efficacy. Methods: Physic nut stems were extracted with 96% ethanol, then fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents. The ethyl acetate fraction was formulated into a hydrophilic gel at concentrations of 0.140%, 0.281%, and 0.421%. The gel preparations were evaluated through organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, stability, irritation, and burn healing efficacy tests in rabbits. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. All gel formulations met physical preparation requirements with skin-compatible pH (5.95-6.37). Formula F1 (0.140%) demonstrated optimal burn healing efficacy, equivalent to positive control (p > 0.05), and was topically safe (non-irritating). Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of physic nut stem was successfully formulated into a stable and effective gel preparation for burn wound healing, with 0.140% as the optimal concentration. Further studies are required to examine toxicity and the mechanism of action of active compounds.

Factors Related to Damage to Medical Record Files in Bandung Medan General Hospital

2025-08-01T09:57:50-07:00

Background: Damage to medical record documents represents a serious challenge in hospital archive management, characterized by torn, faded, discolored, or illegible documents due to intrinsic (material quality) and extrinsic (environmental) factors. A preliminary survey at Bandung Medan General Hospital identified 47 damaged documents in September 2024, indicating the need for systematic intervention. Objective: To analyze the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and damage to medical record files at Bandung Medan General Hospital. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analytical design with a sample of 92 documents (purposive sampling). Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate (Chi-Square test) methods. Results: The findings revealed that 51.1% of documents were damaged, with intrinsic factors (paper quality, ink, and adhesives) identified in 47 documents (51.1%) and extrinsic factors (physical, biological, and chemical environment) in 48 documents (52.2%). Statistical analysis demonstrated a highly significant association between intrinsic factors and document damage (p=0.000; OR=15.2), indicating documents with material quality issues had a 15 times higher risk of damage. Similarly, extrinsic factors showed a highly significant relationship (p=0.000; OR=12.8), with suboptimal storage conditions being the primary contributor. Environmental factors, particularly high humidity (78%) and dust accumulation (65%), were the most dominant causes of physical document damage. Conclusion: Medical record damage is influenced by both factors, with recommendations for storage system improvements, environmental control, and implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for risk mitigation. The study findings should serve as valuable input for enhancing medical record document storage to ensure better safety and preservation.

Effectiveness of Video and Leaflet Media in DAGUSIBU (Get, Use, Save, Discard) Education and Beyond Use Date: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2025-08-02T23:21:32-07:00

Background: The increasing practice of self-medication and home drug storage carries the potential for medication management errors, including improper drug disposal. Lack of public understanding of DAGUSIBU (Acquire, Use, Store, Dispose) protocols and Beyond Use Date (BUD) may lead to drug misuse and environmental contamination due to improper disposal methods that violate the Drug Awareness Family Movement (Gerakan Keluarga Sadar Obat/GKSO) guidelines. Objective: To examine the impact of educational interventions on public knowledge of DAGUSIBU and BUD, and to compare the effectiveness of video versus leaflet media. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design was conducted. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 respondents from Kotamatsum I Subdistrict. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test (educational impact), Chi-Square test (demographic correlations), and Mann-Whitney test (media comparison). Results: The educational intervention significantly improved participants' knowledge of DAGUSIBU and BUD (p < 0.001). Gender significantly influenced knowledge improvement (p = 0.005), while age, education level, and occupation showed no significant effects. Video proved more effective for DAGUSIBU content (mean score 53.94 vs 47.06), whereas leaflets showed marginally better results for BUD material (50.56 vs 50.44).Conclusion: Both video and leaflet-based education effectively enhanced community knowledge. Videos are recommended for DAGUSIBU campaigns, while leaflets serve as suitable supplementary materials for BUD education.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Mouthwash Formulation from Ethanol Extract of Senduduk Leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) on the Growth of Streptococcus mutans

2025-08-05T11:25:44-07:00

Background: Dental caries is a common oral health problem caused by Streptococcus mutans. Antiseptic mouthwash containing natural ingredients like senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) shows potential as an alternative, as it contains antimicrobial compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins). Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of senduduk leaf ethanol extract mouthwash against S. mutans and evaluate its physical characteristics. Methods: This experimental study included: (1) ethanol extraction of senduduk leaves using 96% ethanol maceration, (2) simplicia characterization and phytochemical screening, (3) formulation of three mouthwash concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%), (4) preparation evaluation (organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity), and (5) antibacterial activity testing using the well diffusion method. Results: The mouthwash preparation met physical criteria as a light-to-dark brown liquid with pH 6.33-6.43 and viscosity of 4.833-5.726 cps. Antibacterial tests showed dose-dependent effects, with the highest inhibition zone in the 7.5% formula (18.53 mm; strong category). Conclusion: Senduduk leaf extract shows potential as an antibacterial active ingredient in herbal mouthwash against S. mutans in vitro, though further testing (in vivo/clinical trials) is needed to validate therapeutic claims.

The Relationship Between Environment, Health Workers, and Working Mothers' Parenting Patterns with Infant Growth and Development at Klinik Pratama Sunggal

2025-08-06T11:56:49-07:00

Background: Infant growth and development during the first 0-12 months represents a crucial phase with long-term impacts on quality of life. Environmental factors, working mothers' childcare practices, and healthcare providers' roles serve as key determinants influencing this process. The risk of developmental delays significantly increases for infants in less supportive environments or those receiving inadequate stimulation. Objective: To analyze the influence of environmental conditions, working mothers' childcare practices, and healthcare providers' roles on the growth and development of infants aged 0-12 months at Sunggal Primary Clinic. Methods: This observational analytical study employed a cross-sectional design involving 35 subjects selected through total sampling. Data collection utilized structured questionnaires and was analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between environmental conditions and child development (p=0.000, with 62.9% supportive environments), between healthcare providers' roles and development (p=0.000, with 60% adequate services), and between working mothers' childcare practices and development (p=0.000, with 57.1% optimal practices). Conclusion: All three variables significantly influence infant growth and development, indicating the need for an integrated approach to optimize these contributing factors.

The Determination of Nicotine Content in Gayo Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Using Acidimetric Titration and GC-MS Methods.

2025-08-07T01:06:31-07:00

Background: Gayo tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is known for its distinctive quality and is highly sought after, particularly among young adults. This tobacco contains nicotine, a compound that plays a significant role in influencing human behavior, acting both as a stimulant and as a raw material for cigarette production. Understanding the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco is crucial for assessing its potential industrial applications and its impact on health. Objective: This study aimed to determine the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco leaves and analyze it using acidimetric titration and GC-MS methods to obtain more accurate results. Methods: This research employed two analytical methods: acidimetric titration for quantitative nicotine determination and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for qualitative analysis of other chemical compounds in the Gayo tobacco leaf extract. The tobacco leaf samples were obtained from the Gayo region of Aceh and extracted using 96% ethanol. Results: The study revealed that the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco leaves was 1,3% based on acidimetric titration, while the ethanol extract showed a higher nicotine concentration of 2.5%. GC-MS analysis identified various other compounds, including piperidine derivatives, terpenoids, and aromatic compounds, which have potential pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Conclusion: This study successfully determined the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco leaves using acidimetric titration and GC-MS. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical composition of Gayo tobacco, serving as a foundation for further research into its applications in pharmaceuticals and other industries.

Exploration of the Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Betadine Leaves (Jatropha multifida L.) against the Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

2025-08-11T23:49:06-07:00

Background: Antibiotic resistance has spurred the exploration of novel antibacterial agents, including endophytic bacteria from medicinal plants like Jatropha multifida L. (Betadine leaves), traditionally used as antiseptics. Objective: To assess the antibacterial activity of endophytic bacterial isolates from Betadine leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: A laboratory-based experimental study employing the paper disc diffusion method. Endophytic isolates were cultured in Nutrient Broth, and centrifuged supernatants were tested for inhibition zones compared to positive (chloramphenicol) and negative (Na.CMC) controls. Results: The endophytic isolate produced a 16.11 mm inhibition zone (moderate activity), while chloramphenicol showed 27.63 mm (strong activity). No inhibition was observed in the negative control. Conclusion: Endophytic bacteria from Betadine leaves exhibit potential as natural antibacterial agents, though their efficacy is lower than standard antibiotics. Further development requires active compound characterization and toxicity studies.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Ethanol Extract and Nanoparticles Against Candida albicans

2025-08-13T03:49:51-07:00

Background: Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida albicans, are a significant health problem in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Humid environmental conditions, inadequate sanitation, high population density, and low socioeconomic levels contribute to the high prevalence of fungal infections. Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain bioactive compounds with antifungal potential; however, their effectiveness can be enhanced through nanoparticle formulation. Objective: This study aimed to formulate nanoparticles of ethanol extract from papaya leaves and evaluate their antifungal activity against Candida albicans by comparing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values between the conventional extract and the nanoparticle extract. Methods: This experimental study utilized ethanol extract of papaya leaves and its nanoparticle formulation at varying concentrations. Particle size was characterized using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 using broth and agar dilution methods as well as the disk diffusion method. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The nanoparticle extract exhibited a smaller particle size (330.27 nm) compared to the conventional extract (2203.45 nm). The MIC of the nanoparticle extract (1.25%) was lower than that of the conventional extract (12.5%), while the MFC of the nanoparticle extract (5%) was equivalent to that of the conventional extract (50%). The disk diffusion test showed that the 5% nanoparticle extract had an inhibition zone of 21.6 mm, classified as sensitive and comparable to the 50% conventional extract. Conclusion: The nanoparticle formulation of papaya leaf extract enhanced antifungal efficacy, enabling a tenfold dose reduction compared to the conventional extract. These findings highlight the potential of nanoparticles as a more efficient alternative therapy for fungal infections.

Nephroprotective Effect of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Ethanol Extract on the Histopathological Features of Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Kidneys Induced by Ethylene Glycol

2025-08-14T04:46:20-07:00

Background: The kidney is a vital organ susceptible to damage from exposure to nephrotoxic compounds such as ethylene glycol. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is known to contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential that may protect the kidney from injury. However, its effectiveness as a nephroprotective agent needs to be scientifically validated. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of ethanol extract of red ginger against ethylene glycol–induced kidney damage in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), Wistar strain. Methods: An experimental study using a post-test only control group design was conducted to minimize bias by ensuring equivalent baseline conditions among groups. A total of 25 rats were divided into five groups: normal control (distilled water), negative control (0.75% ethylene glycol), and three treatment groups (ethylene glycol + red ginger extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW/day). Parameters measured included serum creatinine levels and kidney histopathology. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) followed by LSD post hoc test. Results: Red ginger extract significantly reduced serum creatinine levels (p < 0.05), with the greatest reduction observed at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW (0.528 ± 0.082 mg/dL). Histopathological improvement of the kidney was also evident, indicated by decreased necrosis, cellular degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The kidney damage score in the treatment groups (score 1) was lower than in the negative control group (score 2). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of red ginger exhibits a nephroprotective effect against ethylene glycol–induced kidney injury, with the optimal dose being 300 mg/kgBW/day. These findings support the potential of red ginger as an alternative therapy for kidney disorders, although further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and conduct clinical trials.

Formulation, Sensory Evaluation, and Nutritional Composition of Mineral-Enriched Banana and Corn Flour-Based Food Bar as an Emergency Food Alternative

2025-08-17T01:02:10-07:00

Background: As a disaster-prone country, Indonesia requires emergency food that meets the nutritional needs of disaster victims. This study develops a food bar based on local ingredients of kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca) and corn flour as a mineral-rich emergency food alternative. Objective: The research aims to analyze the optimal formulation, sensory evaluation, and nutritional composition of banana and corn flour-based food bars as emergency food products. Methods: This experimental study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three different formulations: F1 (80% banana + 20% corn flour), F2 (70% banana + 30% corn flour), and F3 (20% banana + 80% corn flour). Sensory testing involved 25 panelists evaluating color, aroma, taste, and texture. Data analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's test, while nutritional composition was analyzed through proximate analysis and potassium testing using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in color, taste, and texture parameters, but not in aroma (p>0.05). Formulation F1 received the highest scores for taste (3.52) and texture (2.88). Proximate analysis revealed F1 had the highest water content (6.50%) and crude fiber (4.51%), while F3 had the highest carbohydrate content (72.62%). The potassium content of F1 reached 7.13 mg/g, meeting 10-11% of the daily RDI per 50g food bar. Conclusion: Formulation F1 (80% banana + 20% corn flour) is the best choice as emergency food due to its good sensory acceptance and complete nutritional content, particularly its potassium content which is crucial for emergency conditions.

Factors Associated with Mothers’ Participation in Choosing Female Sterilization (Tubectomy) as a Contraceptive Method in Pintusona Village, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency

2025-08-17T11:25:22-07:00

Background: The continuous increase in population growth is a serious concern, including in Indonesia. Samosir Regency has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 3.2, higher than the provincial average (2.7), necessitating population control efforts through the use of Long-Term Contraceptive Methods (LTCM), including Female Sterilization (Tubectomy). However, mothers' participation in choosing tubectomy in Pintusona Village remains low (34.8%), influenced by factors such as knowledge, husband's support, and cultural perceptions. Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors associated with mothers' participation in choosing tubectomy as a contraceptive method in Pintusona Village, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 70 women of reproductive age who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square test), and multivariate (logistic regression) methods.Results: Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between husband's support (p=0.003), healthcare workers' support (p=0.048), income level (p=0.000), maternal knowledge (p=0.035), and maternal attitude (p=0.024) with the selection of tubectomy. Multivariate analysis identified husband's support as the most dominant factor (OR=4.898), followed by income level. Conclusion: Husband's support and family income level are key factors influencing mothers' participation in choosing tubectomy. Family planning programs should involve husbands in education and improve access to information about tubectomy to increase its acceptance.

Antifungal Activity of Chitosan from Bamboo Shells (Solen corneus) in the Production of Hydrogel Against Trichophyton mentagrophytes

2025-08-18T02:09:36-07:00

Background: Hydrogels are topical preparations applied to the skin surface. Chitosan, a compound derived from the deacetylation of chitin, has various benefits, including antifungal activity. Utilizing waste from bamboo clam shells (Solen courneus) collected in Belawan waters as a source of chitosan could provide a sustainable solution for developing antifungal hydrogel formulations. Objective: This study aimed to produce chitosan from bamboo clam shells, formulate it into a stable hydrogel, and evaluate its antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Methods: This experimental study involved isolating chitosan through deproteinization, demineralization, depigmentation, and deacetylation steps. The resulting chitosan was characterized by moisture content, ash content, yield, solubility, and functional group identification using FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, chitosan was formulated into four hydrogel variations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). The hydrogel formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and antifungal activity. Results: The produced chitosan exhibited functional groups similar to standard chitosan and a degree of deacetylation of 77.5%. Hydrogel evaluation over three weeks showed good stability, with pH values of 4–6.5, spreadability of 5–7 cm, adhesiveness greater than 1 second, and viscosity ranging from 3,000–50,000 cps, all meeting the required standards. The antifungal test demonstrated that the 6% chitosan hydrogel had the highest inhibition zone (11.5 mm) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusion: Chitosan derived from bamboo clam shells was successfully formulated into a stable hydrogel with effective antifungal activity. The 6% concentration exhibited the strongest antifungal effect, indicating its potential as a topical preparation for treating skin fungal infections.

Solid-State Interactions and Eutectic Formation in Gemfibrozil-Nicotinamide Binary Mixtures

2025-08-19T00:55:25-07:00

Background: Gemfibrozil is an antihyperlipidemic drug that effectively lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. However, it has limitations, primarily low solubility and compactibility. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the solid interactions in a binary mixture of gemfibrozil and nicotinamide, which is useful for modifying the physicochemical properties of gemfibrozil through the formation of multicomponent solids. Methods: The method employed for solid-state interaction analysis was differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which involved constructing solid-liquid phase diagrams, accompanied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to identify any hydrogen bonding interactions between the components. Results: The results revealed that the gemfibrozil-nicotinamide binary mixture formed a solid-liquid phase diagram characterized by a V-type solid curve. A eutectic mixture was observed at a molar ratio of 8:2, with a eutectic melting point of 59.3 °C. FTIR analysis revealed no hydrogen bonding interactions between gemfibrozil and nicotinamide. Conclusion: It was concluded that gemfibrozil in the binary mixture system did not form a solid interaction with nicotinamide but was a eutectic mixture. These findings can be used to design strategies for improving the physicochemical properties of gemfibrozil through the formation of multicomponent solids.

The Effect of Compliance in Education Pill Box on the Success of Hypertension Treatment in Alalak Tengah Puskesmas

2025-08-19T08:18:04-07:00

Background: Medication adherence is a crucial factor in the management of hypertension. Non-adherence is a common problem that can hinder therapeutic success. The use of a pill box as a reminder tool is considered to improve adherence; however, its impact on therapeutic outcomes requires further investigation, particularly at Alalak Tengah Primary Health Center, which has a high burden of hypertension cases. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pill box education on medication adherence and therapeutic success, as well as to examine the relationship between adherence and therapeutic outcomes among hypertensive patients at Alalak Tengah Primary Health Center. Methods: This experimental study with a cross-sectional design employed purposive sampling of 100 uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Data were collected from medical records and pill count observations to measure adherence. Therapeutic success was determined based on achieving target blood pressure. Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon test to compare outcomes before and after the intervention, and the Spearman test to assess the correlation between adherence and therapeutic success. Results: The majority of respondents were female (76%), aged 51–60 years (36.5%), and housewives (71%). The pill box intervention significantly improved therapeutic success, with the proportion of patients achieving target blood pressure increasing from 0% to 79% (p-value = 0.001). Post-intervention medication adherence was very high (97%). However, statistically, there was no significant correlation between adherence and therapeutic success (p-value = 0.636 > 0.05). Conclusion: Education on pill box use was proven effective in significantly improving blood pressure control. However, high medication adherence was not directly correlated with therapeutic success. This indicates that hypertension treatment outcomes are influenced by other multifactorial factors beyond adherence, such as diet, physical activity, and individual responses to medication.

Nephroprotective Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Ethanol Extract on Rifampicin-Induced Rats

2025-08-21T23:34:16-07:00

Background: Drug-induced nephrotoxicity, particularly caused by rifampicin—a first-line antituberculosis drug is a significant contributor to acute kidney dysfunction. The search for effective and safe nephroprotective agents to mitigate this side effect is crucial, and garlic (Allium sativum L.), with its potent antioxidant content, has emerged as a promising candidate. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of ethanol extract of garlic (EEG) in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with rifampicin, based on serum creatinine levels, relative kidney weight, and histopathological findings. Methods: An in vivo experimental study was conducted on 25 rats randomly divided into five groups: (GI) normal control (distilled water); (GII) negative control (rifampicin 100 mg/kg BW, intraperitoneal); and three treatment groups (GIII, GIV, GV) receiving rifampicin 100 mg/kg BW and EEG at doses of 50, 120, and 300 mg/kg BW orally. Treatments were administered for 10 days. The measured parameters were serum creatinine levels, relative kidney weight, and histopathological damage scores (degeneration, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration). Results: Rifampicin induction (GII) significantly increased serum creatinine levels (1.28 ± 0.79 mg/dL) compared to the normal control (0.57 ± 0.05 mg/dL) (p<0.001). Administration of EEG at doses of 50, 120, and 300 mg/kg BW significantly reduced creatinine levels (0.53 ± 0.05; 0.51 ± 0.18; 0.51 ± 0.04 mg/dL, respectively). The relative kidney weight was highest in GII (1.6%), whereas treatment groups showed values close to normal. Histopathological analysis revealed the highest damage score in GII (score 2; 25–50%), while treatment groups, particularly the 300 mg/kg BW dose, showed the mildest damage (score 1; 5–25%). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of garlic exerts nephroprotective effects against rifampicin-induced kidney damage in rats, as evidenced by reduced serum creatinine levels, improvement in relative kidney weight, and amelioration of histopathological structures. These protective effects were dose-dependent, with the 300 mg/kg BW dose showing the most optimal outcome.

The Effect of Counselling on Adherence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of dr. Ferdinand Lumbantobing General Hospital Sibolga

2025-08-21T23:36:01-07:00

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global health threat with a steadily increasing prevalence. Its treatment is lifelong and requires optimal patient adherence to achieve therapeutic success. Pharmacist counseling is one of the interventions believed to improve such adherence. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pharmacist counseling and patient characteristics (age, gender, education, occupation, and access to hospital care) on medication adherence among T2DM patients. Methods: This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design conducted at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of dr. Ferdinand Lumbantobing Regional Hospital, Sibolga. A total of 75 respondents meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited. Adherence was measured using the MARS-10 (Medication Adherence Rating Scale 10 items) questionnaire before and after the counseling intervention. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the influence of patient characteristics, while the Wilcoxon test was used to analyze the effect of counseling. Results: Analysis of demographic variables such as age, gender, education, occupation, and hospital access showed no significant relationship with adherence either before or after counseling (p>0.05). However, pharmacist counseling was proven to significantly improve adherence. The mean adherence score increased from 6.49 (pretest) to 8.08 (posttest) (p<0.05). The proportion of adherent patients rose from 52% to 94.67% following counseling. Conclusion: Patient characteristics had no significant effect on adherence. Pharmacist counseling was shown to be effective in significantly improving medication adherence among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Paper Soap With Variations of Glycerine as Plasticizer Againt Staphylococcus Aureus

2025-08-22T06:33:44-07:00

Background: Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) contains medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCFA), particularly lauric acid, which is known for its antibacterial properties. VCO has the potential to be formulated into a practical and hygienic paper soap dosage form. In paper soap formulation, glycerin acts as a plasticizer that affects the physical properties of the preparation, but its effect on antibacterial activity has not been widely explored. Objective: This study aimed to formulate VCO paper soap with variations in glycerin concentration and to analyze its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This experimental research formulated four paper soap formulas with variations in glycerin concentration: 0% (F1), 10% (F2), 15% (F3), and 20% (F4). The preparations were evaluated through organoleptic tests, pH tests, foam height tests, and free alkali tests. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) with a positive control (commercial paper soap) and a negative control (aquadest). Results: The evaluation results showed that all formulas met the physico-chemical quality standards for soap. Formula 3 (15% glycerin) was the best preparation based on overall evaluation. The antibacterial test showed that all four VCO paper soap formulas (F1-F4) had moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameters that were not statistically significantly different. The negative control showed no activity, while the positive control showed strong antibacterial activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that VCO paper soap was successfully formulated and exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Variations in glycerin concentration (0-20%) did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity, which is presumed to be more influenced by the lauric acid content in VCO.

The Comparison of Quality of Life of Prolanis Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Monotherapy and Polytherapy at Prambanan Public Health Center, Sleman

2025-08-22T06:33:46-07:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) cases in the Yogyakarta Special Region in 2022 reached 42,050 patients (53.9%), with Sleman Regency having the highest prevalence. The therapy received by patients affects their clinical condition and quality of life. This study aims to determine the difference in the average quality of life of Prolanis DMT2 participants receiving monotherapy and polytherapy at Prambanan Public Health Center in Sleman. This research used an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consists of 34 Prolanis participants at Prambanan Health Center, selected through total sampling. The instrument used is a quality-of-life questionnaire with a reverse Likert scale. The data analysis to measure quality of life is the Mann-Whitney statistics, using independent variables of monotherapy and polytherapy, and the dependent variable of quality of life scores. The majority of respondents are female (22 people, 66.7%), aged 56–65 years (16 people, 47.1%), and have a high school education level (15 people, 44.1%). Most are unemployed (21 people, 61.8%), have had diabetes for ≤ 5 years (26 people, 76.5%), and do not have complications (26 people, 76.5%). The average quality of life score for monotherapy is 28.88, and for polytherapy, it was 41.70. The quality of life for monotherapy is higher than for polytherapy, with a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05). This study aims to determine the difference in the average quality of life between Prolanis DMT2 participants receiving monotherapy and polytherapy at Prambanan Health Center in Sleman. Based on the research results, it was concluded that there is a difference in the average quality of life between Prolanis DMT2 participants at Puskesmas Prambanan Sleman who received monotherapy and those who received polytherapy, with a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05)

Antibacterial Activity of Dendrophthoe pentandra Mistletoe Leaf Extract on Citrus microcarpa Bunge Plants Against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi

2025-08-22T08:56:33-07:00

Diseases caused by bacteria infections are renowned for hurting human health and may become fatal when not treated with appropriate medical therapy. Meanwhile, several bacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, are resistant to numerous antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to find new compounds from plants with antibacterial potential. The results showed that based on phytochemical screening, Dendrophthoe pentandra mistletoe leaf on Citrus microcarpa Bunge plants had compounds with antibacterial activity, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics. According to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, eight compounds have antibacterial properties, namely 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine; 2H-Indeno[1,2-b]furan-2-one, 3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-8,8-dimethyl; Acetamide, N-methyl-N-[4-(3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-; Ethyl iso-allocholate; a-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-(trimethylsilyl)-, cyclic methylboronate; tert-Hexadecanethiol; Sarreroside; and d-Mannose. D. pentandra mistletoe leaf extract had a better effect or activity on inhibiting the growth of M. smegmatis than E. coli and S. typhi. It was concluded that D. pentandra mistletoe leaf on Citrus microcarpa Bunge plants had antibacterial activity.

Pharmacological Potential of the Genus Chloranthus as Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Anti-inflammatory Agents: A Systematic Review

2025-08-04T05:18:11-07:00

The Chloranthus genus (Chloranthaceae family) has been traditionally used in Asian medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent, but recent scientific exploration reveals broader pharmacological potential. This systematic review aims to evaluate the latest experimental evidence on the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Chloranthus-derived compounds and elucidate their molecular mechanisms. Studies were selected through structured database searches using specific keyword combinations and screened using rigorous inclusion-exclusion criteria. The findings highlight a predominance of sesquiterpenoids, particularly lindenane-type (monomers, dimers, and trimers), which consistently exhibit anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Antioxidant activity through the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells were also frequently reported. Notably, several compounds demonstrated dual actions, suppressing both ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production and proinflammatory cytokines, emphasizing their relevance in treating diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. These results support Chloranthus as a promising natural source of multitarget bioactive compounds. Future research should adopt a multidisciplinary approach to further elucidate molecular targets, validate in vivo efficacy, and explore novel biological resources.

The Effect of Shared Decision Making on Glucose and HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Literature Review

2025-08-19T03:57:37-07:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with a high global prevalence, requiring comprehensive and patient-centered care. Shared Decision Making (SDM) is a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers that has been associated with improved treatment adherence and clinical outcomes in chronic diseases. Objective: This literature review aimed to evaluate the impact of SDM on glycemic control, particularly blood glucose and HbA1c levels, in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus databases using specific keywords, limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 2015 and 2025. Inclusion criteria included adult patients with type 1 or type 2 DM, SDM as the primary intervention, and HbA1c or blood glucose levels as clinical outcomes. Results: Five RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Most studies reported a decrease in HbA1c in the intervention group, although only one study showed a statistically significant within-group reduction. No consistent significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups. However, SDM was positively associated with improved patient engagement, satisfaction, and the quality of communication. Conclusion: While evidence regarding the direct impact of SDM on HbA1c remains inconclusive, SDM appears to enhance patient participation and therapeutic communication in diabetes care. Further standardized and long-term studies are needed to confirm its clinical effectiveness.