Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Therapeutic Potential of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Extract in Diabetes Type-2 Management: A Literature Review

2026-07-21T08:43:31-07:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by insulin resistance, aberrant insulin secretion, and persistent hyperglycemia. There are different treatments existing but there is a need for complementary. Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) medicinal herb with bioactive substance having antidiabetic property. The purpose of this study was to aimed Portulaca oleracea L. therapeutic potential, bioactive components, and underlying processes in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The literature review was developed through a comprehensive examination of published journal articles retrieved from major academic databases, including Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and ScienceDirec. Many studies have demonstrated that Portulaca oleracea L. possesses significant antidiabetic effect. These seem to result from insulin-sensitizing,a generalized, suppression of NF-κB-related inflammation, AMPK pathway stimulation/activation of eNOS expression in general, gut bacteria regulation effects, and carbohydrate digesting inhibition; whether by glycemic index level processes use/alleviation of those responses as an energy expenditure process. The dose effective in animal studies is between 50 and 500 mg/kg/day. Immediate clinical trials (1.0–1.8 g/day) demonstrate powerful improvements of fasting glucose, HbA1c lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress marker. Portulaca oleracea L. showed promise as an additional treatment for type 2 diabetes. Its bioactive components work in concert to address a variety of pathogenic targets. To validate the best therapeutic use, standardized extraction procedures and extensive clinical dose-finding studies are required.

Clinical Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Antibiotic Response Variability in Patients with Renal Impairment: A Systematic Review

2026-07-26T21:57:35-07:00

Introduction: Renal impairment affects the pharmacokinetics of various antibiotics eliminated through the renal route, potentially leading to drug accumulation, toxicity, or therapeutic failure if doses are not appropriately adjusted. The variability in antibiotic response in this population remains a clinical challenge due to the complexity of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, degree of renal dysfunction, comorbidities, and dosing strategies. Objective: This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between clinical pharmacokinetic parameters and antibiotic response variability in adult patients with renal impairment, as well as to identify implementable PK/PD-based individualized therapy strategies. Methods: A literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library (2016–2026) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies involving adult patients (≥18 years) with renal impairment that reported PK/PD parameters and clinical outcomes were included. A narrative synthesis was performed on 18 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Renal function is a major determinant of antibiotic exposure, particularly for renally eliminated drugs. PK/PD parameters such as AUC/MIC, trough concentration, and %fT>MIC play important roles in assessing therapeutic adequacy, although their association with clinical outcomes is not always consistent due to population heterogeneity, infection severity, and differences in dosing strategies. Higher vancomycin exposure is consistently associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity. PK/PD-based individualized approaches through therapeutic drug monitoring, Bayesian forecasting, and model-informed precision dosing have been shown to improve target concentration attainment and reduce toxicity risk. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with antibiotic response variability in patients with renal impairment, with more consistent relationships observed for toxicity than for efficacy. Integration of PK/PD-based individualized dosing strategies into routine clinical practice is necessary to optimize antibiotic therapy effectiveness and safety, supported by the development of comprehensive predictive models in this population.

Psychometric Properties of Quality of Life Instruments for Patients with Hypertension: A Systematic Review

2026-08-13T02:04:15-07:00

Background: Hypertension is a chronic condition significantly impacting physical and psychological well-being. HRQoL instruments must undergo cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation before clinical application. Objective: This systematic review evaluated the psychometric robustness (reliability, validity, responsiveness) of hypertension-specific HRQoL instruments. Methods: Eight databases were searched for original research published in English or Indonesian (2021–2026) following PRISMA 2020. Methodological quality and evidence certainty were assessed using COSMIN and modified GRADE. Results: 13 studies from 10 countries were included. Six instruments (46.1%) demonstrated strong psychometric profiles, including adequate content validity and robust reliability. While content validity (100%) and internal consistency (84.6%) were strong due to rigorous adaptation, divergent validity and responsiveness were severely underreported (84.6%). According to COSMIN guidelines, test-retest reliability studies with sample sizes below 50 participants are considered to have 'Low' GRADE evidence quality due to insufficient precision, despite demonstrating adequate ICC values. QLICD-HY, STI-HRQoL, and DASI provided the strongest evidence. Conclusion: Instruments are generally reliable, yet future research must evaluate clinical responsiveness through longitudinal designs. Instruments with the strongest psychometric profiles, such as QLICD-HY and DASI, are recommended for accurate patient assessment.

Impact and Effectiveness of Electronic Health Record Use in Monitoring and Management of Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-08-14T10:54:52-07:00

Chronic and acute respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, COVID-19, ARDS, and acute respiratory infections (ARI) pose a substantial global health burden. Conventional surveillance systems are reactive and limited in early detection. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) offer great potential as a longitudinal data source for more effective respiratory disease monitoring and management. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of EHR use in monitoring disease trends, early detection, and optimizing clinical management of patients with various respiratory conditions. This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2016--2025). The research question was formulated using the PICO framework. A total of 40 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed thematically. The majority of studies originated from high-income countries (USA, UK, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Australia), with diverse study designs (retrospective cohort 35%, model development 25%, cluster RCT 5%). Types of EHR interventions included real-time surveillance systems, NLP/AI-based prediction models, CDSS, and data quality evaluations. EHRs were shown to detect SARI case surges up to 8 days earlier, predict ARDS with an AUROC of 0.84, reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing by 12--16%, and extract asthma symptoms with an F1-score >0.95. However, significant challenges remain regarding data quality (completeness <50% for some variables) and geographic gaps (no studies from Indonesia). EHRs, particularly when integrated with NLP and artificial intelligence, are effective for surveillance, early detection, and clinical management of respiratory diseases. However, data quality challenges and the lack of evidence from developing countries still need to be addressed. Data standardization, interoperability investments, and technology adaptation for local contexts such as Indonesia are required.

Antidiabetic Potential of Tea Bags Containing Tinospora crispa (L.) Extract and Stevia rebaudiana Prepared Using Wet-Granulation Co-Processing

2026-07-20T11:35:10-07:00

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder requiring practical herbal therapies with controlled physical quality. Tinospora crispa (L.) is known to possess antidiabetic potential through its alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid constituents, while Stevia rebaudiana serves as a natural low-calorie sweetener and may offer additional metabolic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics and antidiabetic potential of tea bags containing a combination of Tinospora crispa (L.) extract and Stevia rebaudiana powder prepared using wet-granulation co-processing technique. Methods: Three formulations were developed with varying concentrations of Tinospora crispa (L.) extract at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Extraction was performed using an ultrasonic-assisted method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Physical quality evaluation included moisture content, weight uniformity, brewing time, infusion pH, and homogeneity. An exploratory in vivo test was conducted on 15 alloxan-induced Swiss Webster mice (n=3 per group) over 7 days. Statistical analysis employed One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test at α=0.05 significance level. Results: The extract yield was 39.07%. All formulations demonstrated homogeneity with uniform fill weight of 2 g per bag. Significant differences among formulations were observed in moisture content (*p*=0.001; η²=0.895), brewing time (*p*=0.006; η²=0.822), and infusion pH (*p*=0.031; η²=0.687). In the in vivo study, the positive control and all formulation groups showed a tendency toward decreasing blood glucose levels, whereas the negative control group exceeded the glucometer detection limit (>500 mg/dL) from day 5 to day 7. The formulation containing 10% extract (F2) demonstrated the largest descriptive reduction from 210.67 to 88.00 mg/dL (58.23%). Conclusion: Variations in Tinospora crispa (L.) extract concentration affected several physical quality parameters; however, no single formulation was superior across all tested parameters. The in vivo findings suggest a tendency toward antidiabetic activity, yet further studies with larger sample sizes, placebo controls, active compound standardization, and safety evaluations are required to confirm efficacy and elucidate the mechanism of action.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Community Attitude Towards Antibiotic Use at Megang Urban Village of Lubuklinggau City

2026-07-21T10:16:00-07:00

Introduction: The irrational use of antibiotics has become a global concern due to its potential to trigger antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Various factors contribute to inappropriate antibiotic use, among which limited public knowledge about antibiotics plays a significant role. Understanding the relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use is essential for designing effective educational interventions, particularly in communities with limited access to health information. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use and to analyze the relationship between these two variables among the community in Megang urban village, Lubuklinggau City, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2023 involving 300 respondents selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire comprising three sections: sociodemographic characteristics (6 items), knowledge (12 items), and attitudes (8 items). Knowledge and attitude scores were categorized based on median values. The relationship between knowledge and attitude was analyzed using the Spearman Rho correlation test. Results: The majority of respondents (63.3%) demonstrated good knowledge regarding antibiotic use, while 50.3% exhibited positive attitudes. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.481; p < 0.001), indicating a moderate strength of association. This finding suggests that better knowledge is associated with more positive attitudes toward appropriate antibiotic use. Conclusion: A significant positive relationship exists between the level of knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use in the study population. These findings underscore the importance of implementing structured educational interventions, particularly at primary healthcare facilities, to enhance both knowledge and attitudinal aspects of antibiotic use, thereby contributing to the prevention of antimicrobial resistance

Dominant Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Chronic Kidney Failure Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

2026-07-22T02:04:28-07:00

Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis experience various physical, psychological, and social disturbances that negatively impact their quality of life. While hemodialysis sustains life, this study aimed to identify respondent characteristics and analyze the influence of age, gender, education, occupation, hemodialysis frequency, and duration of hemodialysis on the quality of life of CKD patients undergoing the procedure, as well as to determine the most dominant factor influencing their quality of life. A non-experimental research design with a cross-sectional approach was employed. The study involved 65 respondents selected via purposive sampling and was conducted at the Hemodialysis Unit in February 2026. Data were collected using the KDQOL-SF 36 questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson Correlation, Independent T-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Multiple Linear Regression. Bivariate analysis results indicated that age (p=0,004), occupation (p=0,005), and duration of hemodialysis (p=0,014) were significantly associated with the quality of life of CKD patients, whereas gender (p=0,656) and education level (p=0,117) showed no significant association. Multivariate analysis revealed that the duration of hemodialysis was the most dominant factor influencing patients' quality of life (β=6,781; p=0,028), with the model explaining 25% of the variation in quality of life (R²=0,25). Thus, the duration of hemodialysis is the dominant factor affecting the quality of life of CKD patients; the longer patients undergo hemodialysis therapy, the better their ability to adapt to the disease and treatment, leading to a tendency for improved quality of life.

Effect of Atorvastatin Therapy on Blood Glucose Levels in Hospitalized Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Diabetes Mellitus

2026-07-22T06:53:56-07:00

Background: The use of atorvastatin in patients with stroke as a primary preventive therapy may be associated with an increased risk of elevated blood glucose levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on changes in blood glucose levels in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: An analytical observational study with a retrospective design was conducted among 28 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke at Bhayangkara Hospital, Kediri City, from March to April 2024. Inclusion criteria comprised patients aged >15 years, with a history of diabetes mellitus, receiving atorvastatin therapy, and having available blood glucose data before and three days after treatment initiation. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test to assess normality and the paired sample t-test to evaluate changes in blood glucose levels. Results: A total of 64,29% of patients experienced an increase in blood glucose levels; however, statistical analysis demonstrated no significant difference between blood glucose levels before and after atorvastatin administration (231.64 ± 99.039 vs 231.50 ± 61.425 mg/dL; Δ = −0.14 mg/dL; p= 0.993). Conclusion: Atorvastatin therapy was not associated with statistically significant changes in random blood glucose levels. However, the high proportion of patients with increased blood glucose warrants further prospective investigation.

The Relationship Between Family Support and the Quality of Life of Filariasis Patients in North Aceh Regency

2026-07-23T07:59:51-07:00

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori infection, leading to permanent lymphatic dysfunction with lymphedema and hydrocele as major complications. This chronic condition significantly impairs patients' quality of life (QoL), necessitating adequate family support for disease management and psychosocial adaptation. North Aceh Regency represents one of the highest filariasis-endemic areas in Aceh Province, Indonesia, yet empirical evidence on the relationship between family support and QoL among filariasis patients in this specific cultural context remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family support and quality of life among lymphatic filariasis patients in North Aceh Regency, Indonesia. Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2023 involving 54 filariasis patients selected through total sampling from 21 sub-districts in North Aceh Regency. Data were collected using the Perceived Social Support from Family (PSS-Fa) questionnaire and the WHOQoL-BREF instrument through structured interviews. Statistical analysis employed Fisher's exact test to examine the association between family support and QoL, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The majority of respondents were of productive age (66.7%), female (59.3%), and employed (61.1%). Family support was predominantly strong (70.4%), while overall QoL was mostly moderate (48.1%). Dimensional analysis revealed good physical health (42.6%) and psychological (46.3%) domains, whereas social (44.4%) and environmental (63.0%) domains were moderate. Fisher's exact test demonstrated a significant relationship between family support and quality of life (p=0.000), with 70.3% of respondents with strong family support reporting good-to-moderate QoL compared to only 3.7% with weak family support. Conclusion: There is a significant positive association between family support and quality of life among filariasis patients in North Aceh Regency. Strengthening family-based support systems may serve as an effective strategy to improve QoL outcomes in filariasis-endemic communities, particularly within the socio-cultural context of Acehnese society.

Anti-Acne Activity of Jamblang Seed (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) Ethanol Extract in Emulgel Preparation

2026-07-24T08:52:20-07:00

Jamblang (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) contains antibacterial compounds and can be formulated into an emulgel form. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of ethanolic extract from jamblang seeds, develop emulgel formulations, and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The extraction was performed using 96% ethanol through maceration, followed by phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing using the well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. Antibacterial testing of jamblang seed extract against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at various concentrations demonstrated significant inhibition. The emulgel formulations were prepared using jamblang seed extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, with 3% HPMC as the gelling agent. The emulgel exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with the largest inhibition zones observed in the 15% formulation (F3), measuring 21.44 ± 0.21 mm against S. aureus and 19.02 ± 0.60 mm against S. epidermidis. Stability tests showed that the organoleptic properties and homogeneity remained stable. The pH, viscosity, adhesion, and spreadability tests met the criteria for quality preparations, and irritation tests showed no adverse skin reactions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in antibacterial activity among all emulgel formulations. In conclusion, Formula F3 (15% extract) showed the best antibacterial activity and met all physical evaluation parameters, confirming that the jamblang seed emulgel is a high-quality and safe formulation. A paired t-test showed all parameters were statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Cytotoxicity of Ethanol Extract of Robusta Coffee Leaves (Coffea canephora) in Vero cells

2026-07-26T02:11:01-07:00

Robusta coffee leaves (Coffea canephora) contain various bioactive compounds that may serve as natural antioxidants and potential phytopharmaceutical agents. The objective of this research to evaluate the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee leaves and to determine the relationship between antioxidant activity and cell viability. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, while cytotoxicity was evaluated on Vero cells using the MTT assay over a concentration range of 31.25-500 µg/mL. Vitamin C and doxorubicin were used as positive controls. The ethanol extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀value of 22.456 µg/mL, while vitamin C showed an IC₅₀ value of 4.217 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity testing demonstrated low toxicity toward Vero cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 1512.857 µg/mL, whereas doxorubicin exhibited an IC₅₀ value of 60.052 µg/mL. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between antioxidant activity and Vero cell viability (r = −0.93, p = 0.024). Despite this correlation, cell viability remained above 100% at all tested concentrations, indicating the absence of cytotoxic effects on normal mammalian cells. These findings suggest that the ethanol extract of robusta coffee leaves possesses potent antioxidant activity while maintaining a favorable safety profile, supporting its potential to be futher development as a source of natural antioxidants and phytopharmaceutical candidate.

Efficacy of Nothopanax sculleturium (mangkokan leaf) and Colocasia esculenta L. (taro stalk) ointment in the healing of male rabbit incised wounds.

2026-07-27T00:00:47-07:00

Background: Nothopanax scutellarium (mangkokan leaves) and Colocasia esculenta L. (taro petioles) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids, which play essential roles in wound healing. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a topical ointment containing a combination of ethanolic extracts of mangkokan leaves and taro petioles on incised wound healing in male rabbits. Methods: A laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted using three ointment formulas (10%:5%, 7.5%:7.5%, and 5%:10%), alongside positive (povidone-iodine) and negative controls. Wound length was measured daily for 10 days. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: All formulations significantly accelerated wound healing compared with the negative control (p < 0.05). The 5%:10% formulation achieved complete wound closure on day 7, showing a statistically significant difference from the positive control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of mangkokan leaf and taro petiole extracts effectively promotes incised wound healing, with the 5%:10% formula demonstrating the most optimal effect. These findings support the potential of developing this herbal ointment as a safe and efficient antiseptic alternative.

Topical Application of Red Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis) as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Gingivitis: Effects on Clinical Indices and Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 : A Double blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Study

2026-07-27T03:41:10-07:00

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingiva caused by dental plaque accumulation. Scaling root-planing (SRP) is the gold standard therapy for gingivitis; however, its long-term effectiveness may be limited due to bacterial recolonization and plaque re-accumulation after treatment. Red Palm Oil (RPO) (Elaeis guineensis) contains bioactive compounds with potential as an adjunctive therapy following SRP. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of topical RPO application as an adjunctive therapy after SRP on changes in clinical parameters and salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels in gingivitis patients. Methods: This study utilized a randomized controlled trial design. A total of 40 gingivitis patients were randomly assigned into two groups: the control group (n=20), receiving SRP with placebo application, and the RPO group (n=20), receiving SRP followed by topical RPO application. The evaluated parameters included Gingival Index (GI), Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), and salivary MMP-8 levels. Statistical analyses were performed using parametric and nonparametric tests according to data distribution. Results: Significant differences in GI and OHI-S changes were observed between the control and RPO groups (p<0.05), with a greater reduction in clinical parameter scores in the RPO group. Analysis of salivary MMP-8 levels showed a decrease after intervention in both groups; however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Topical application of Red Palm Oil as an adjunctive therapy after SRP has the potential to improve clinical periodontal parameters in gingivitis patients. However, the additional effect of RPO on changes in salivary MMP-8 levels has not demonstrated a statistically significant difference compared with SRP alone.

Anti-Aging Effectiveness test of Hibiscus Flower Extract (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) in Clay Mask Dosage Form

2026-07-27T12:36:36-07:00

Introduction: Skin aging is a natural degenerative process triggered by internal and external factors, particularly oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. contains flavonoid and anthocyanin compounds which have potential as natural antioxidants to inhibit the skin aging process. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a clay mask containing ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers and to test its anti-aging effectiveness on skin condition parameters. Methods: This experimental study involved the preparation of clay masks with three variations of extract concentrations: 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2), and 10% (F3). Physical quality evaluations included homogeneity, pH, stability, drying time, emulsion type, and irritation tests. Anti-aging effectiveness testing was conducted on 15 female volunteers aged 35–60 years using a skin analyzer over 4 weeks with once-weekly application. Measured parameters included moisture, evenness, pore size, spots, and wrinkles. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test. Results: All formulas met the physical quality requirements with pH values of 6.4–6.7, homogeneous, stable during 12 weeks of storage, and caused no irritation. Formula III (10% concentration) demonstrated the best anti-aging effectiveness with increases in moisture content of 67.5%, decreases in roughness of 42.3%, decreases in pore size of 30.9%, decreases in spots of 32.4%, and decreases in wrinkles of 36.0% after 4 weeks of treatment. However, the effectiveness of Formula III remained lower than that of the commercial clay mask. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis can be formulated as a stable and safe anti-aging clay mask. The 10% concentration formula exhibited the best effectiveness in improving skin aging parameters, although further formula optimization is still required to approach the effectiveness of commercial products.

Formulation and Characterization of Instant Herbal Powder of Tinospora crispa and Citrus aurantifolia with Taste-Masking Excipients

2026-07-28T05:31:13-07:00

Tinospora crispa has a strong bitter taste that can limit palatability. Bitter sensation is detected by taste receptors distributed across the tongue and may be prominent in the posterior tongue, where circumvallate papillae contain numerous taste buds. Citrus aurantifolia may modify this sensory profile. This study aimed to formulate an instant herbal powder containing Tinospora crispa and Citrus aurantifolia with graded maltodextrin-sucrose ratios and to evaluate its initial physical and sensory characteristics. Three formulas containing 20-40% maltodextrin and 45-65% sucrose were prepared in triplicate. Organoleptic properties, visual homogeneity, flow properties, moisture content, dissolution time, pH, and exploratory hedonic responses from seven untrained panelists were evaluated. Physical data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD, while sensory data were analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction. All formulas were fine, visually homogeneous powders with a pH of 5 and moisture content of 2.50-3.67%. The excipient ratio significantly affected angle of repose and moisture content. Global differences were found for taste and overall acceptance, but no pairwise comparison remained significant after correction. F1 had the lowest moisture content, F2 the lowest angle of repose and fastest descriptive dissolution time, and F3 the fastest flow time and highest descriptive taste and overall-acceptance scores. Overall, no single formulation was superior across all physical parameters. However, F3 demonstrated the most favorable overall performance, particularly in the sensory evaluation, indicating its potential for further development.

Evaluation of the Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ethanol Extract of Corn Husk (Zea mays L.) in Sucrose-Induced Mice (Mus musculus L.)

2026-07-28T11:53:07-07:00

Introduction: Hyperglycemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and serves as a primary risk factor for diabetes mellitus and its associated complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Corn husk (Zea mays L.) contains flavonoid compounds that exhibit antihyperglycemic activity through inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Objective: This study aimed to identify the presence of flavonoids in corn husk simplicia and evaluate the antihyperglycemic effectiveness of corn husk ethanol extract in sucrose-induced male mice (Mus musculus L.). Methods: An experimental design was employed using 25 male mice randomly assigned into five treatment groups (n=5): negative control (0.5% Na-CMC), positive control (glibenclamide 0.013 mg/20 g BW), and corn husk ethanol extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40% (equivalent to 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg BW, respectively). Hyperglycemia was induced by oral administration of sucrose solution at a dose of 0.81 g/20 g BW. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes using a glucometer. Phytochemical screening was performed to detect flavonoid compounds. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test (α=0.05). Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids in the ethanol extract. Statistical analysis revealed that extract concentrations of 10% and 20% did not produce significant antihyperglycemic effects (p>0.05). In contrast, the 40% concentration significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels compared to the negative control (p=0.049), with a percentage reduction of 42.50% at 120 minutes. The glucose-lowering effect of the 40% extract was comparable to that of the glibenclamide positive control (p=0.821). Conclusion: Corn husk ethanol extract demonstrates antihyperglycemic potential in sucrose-induced mice, with the 40% concentration exhibiting the most effective glucose-lowering activity, comparable to glibenclamide. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and conduct clinical trials in humans.

Formulation and Evaluation of Liquid Scrub Soap from Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Fruit Juice

2026-07-30T00:04:08-07:00

Melon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) contains bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, β-carotene, flavonoids, polyphenols, pectin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme that theoretically have potential antioxidant and skin care benefits in topical preparations. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical quality of liquid scrub soap from melon fruit juice at varying concentrations of 0% (F0/blank), 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3), using coffee grounds as a natural exfoliating agent. Physical quality evaluations included organoleptic testing, foam height and stability, pH, and viscosity according to SNI 06-4085-1996. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test (α=0.05). Organoleptic results showed all formulas were white, liquid, melon-scented, and contained brown scrub granules. One-Way ANOVA showed that melon fruit juice concentration significantly affected all tested parameters (p<0.05). The average pH of F1, F2, and F3 were 8.53±0.06ᵇ, 9.17±0.12ᶜ, and 9.77±0.06ᵈ, meeting SNI requirements (pH 8–11). Average foam heights of F1, F2, and F3 were 105.00±1.00ᵇ mm, 125.67±1.53ᶜ mm, and 154.00±2.65ᵈ mm, with foam stability of 82.27±1.76ᵃᵇ%, 85.13±0.32ᵇᶜ%, and 87.03±1.47ᶜ%, all meeting SNI standards (13–220 mm) and stability threshold ≥70%. Viscosity of F1, F2, and F3 were 1,633±57.74ᵇ cP, 2,000±100.00ᶜ cP, and 2,567±57.74ᵈ cP, within the acceptable range (400–4,000 cP). Tukey HSD confirmed significant differences among all formulas for pH, foam height, and viscosity parameters. It was concluded that melon fruit juice can be successfully formulated into a liquid scrub soap and all formulas met the established physical quality requirements. Formula F3 at 15% concentration produced the best results. Further research is needed to evaluate the biological activity of the preparation, including antioxidant testing, exfoliation efficacy, and skin irritation studies.

Antibacterial Activity of Sengir Mango (Mangifera indica L. Cultivar Sengir) Leaf Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro and Molecular Docking Study

2026-07-30T13:14:43-07:00

The antibacterial potential of the underexplored Mangifera indica L. cultivar Sengir remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Sengir mango leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus using integrated in vitro and in silico approaches. Leaves were extracted by maceration with 70% ethanol. The extract contained 293.8 mg GAE/g extract of total phenolics and 34.8 mg QE/g extract of total flavonoids. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, corresponding to 488, 732, 976, and 1,220 mg/mL, respectively. Ampicillin and 10% DMSO served as the positive and negative control, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined. For the in silico study, 60 M. indica phytochemicals from IMPPAT were screened using SwissADME and ProTox-III, and seven compounds were docked against penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a; PDB ID: 4CJN) using PyRx. The extract produced concentration-dependent inhibition zones of 11.00–17.17 mm, whereas ampicillin produced a 34.50 mm inhibition zone and 10% DMSO showed no inhibition. MIC and MBC values were 48.87 and 73.20 mg/mL, respectively. Guaiol showed the lowest predicted binding energy (-7.0 kcal/mol), whereas PASS analysis identified Pogostol, Myrtenyl acetate, and Bicyclogermacrene as potential antibacterial compounds. Overall, Sengir mango leaf extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while computational analysis identified Guaiol and Pogostol as promising bioactive candidates for further validation.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Fruit Extract Gel as Anti-Acne Agent

2026-07-31T05:23:07-07:00

Acne is one of the most common skin disorders affecting various age groups, particularly adolescents, and is caused by inflammation of the pilosebaceous follicles associated with bacterial proliferation. The primary bacteria involved in acne pathogenesis are Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). This study aimed to formulate an anti-acne gel containing ethanol extract of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruit and to evaluate its antibacterial activity. The black mulberry fruit was extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol. The resulting extract was formulated into a Carbopol 940-based gel at three different concentrations: 1.25% (F1), 2.5% (F2), and 5% (F3). The formulated gels were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method, and skin irritation using the Draize method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of black mulberry fruit exhibited antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, with inhibition zone diameters of 12.0 ± 0.90 mm and 12.8 ± 0.59 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 1.25%, indicating strong antibacterial activity. After formulation into a gel, the highest antibacterial activity was observed in Formula 3 (F3) after 28 days of storage, with inhibition zone diameters of 15.1 ± 0.06 mm against P. acnes and 15.3 ± 0.10 mm against S. epidermidis. All formulations met the required physical evaluation parameters and showed no signs of irritation in a preliminary Draize irritation test during the observation period. Therefore, the ethanol extract of black mulberry fruit has the potential to be developed as a topical anti-acne gel with antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. epidermidis.

Effect of infusion temperature and duration on total flavonoid and total phenolic content of Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser leaf infusion

2026-07-31T09:02:23-07:00

Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser has long been utilized in Indonesian traditional herbal medicine owing to its diverse bioactive constituents; however, the influence of preparation conditions on its phytochemical profile remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the effects of infusion temperature (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C) and steeping duration (15, 20, and 30 minutes) on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of S. ferruginea leaf infusions, employing a 3×3 Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two replicates. Spectrophotometry UV-Vis was performed to quantify TFC and TPC. Two-Way ANOVA depicted that infusion temperature exerted a highly significant effect on TFC (p< 0.001), whereas infusion duration did not significantly influence either variable. A statistically significant temperature and duration interaction was detected for TFC (p<0.001), indicating that the temperature-dependent flavonoid extraction is contingent upon the duration applied. Post hoc Tukey HSD analysis demonstrated that infusion at 70°C yielded significantly lower TFC (1.371 mg QE/g) relative to both 60°C (1.741 mg QE/g) and 80°C (1.687 mg QE/g), with no significant difference observed between the latter two temperatures. TPC remained comparatively stable across all treatment combinations, with temperature, duration, and their interaction all failing to exert a statistically significant effect. These findings establish infusion temperature as the dominant determinant of flavonoid extractability from S. ferruginea leaves, and indicate that a minimum steeping duration of 15 minutes at 60°C or 80°C is sufficient to maximize TFC without compromising TPC. This study provides an evidence-based foundation for optimizing the aqueous preparation of S. ferruginea leaf infusion as a candidate functional herbal beverage.

Dose–Response Effect of the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Cayratia trifolia Linn. on Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Rats

2026-07-31T09:59:48-07:00

Introduction: Leaves of Cayratia trifolia Linn. contain several secondary metabolites with potential anti-inflammatory activity. However, evidence regarding the dose–response relationship of their ethanolic extract in acute inflammation remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and dose–response trend of Cayratia trifolia leaf ethanolic extract (CTLEE) in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Methods: Twenty-five male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five groups (n=5): a 0.5% Na-CMC negative control, a 0.2% diclofenac sodium positive control, and CTLEE treatment groups receiving 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg body weight. Treatments were administered orally, followed 30 min later by an intraplantar injection of 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan. Paw volume was measured every 60 min for 360 min using a digital plethysmometer. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05p<0.05p<0.05). Results: CTLEE reduced paw oedema relative to the negative control and showed a trend toward greater activity as the dose increased. At 360 min, edema percentages were 38.25 ± 11.88%, 29.21 ± 5.36%, and 24.43 ± 6.60% for CTLEE at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively, compared with 74.83 ± 13.77% in the negative-control group. The corresponding inhibition values were 48.74 ± 12.10%, 60.24 ± 8.57%, and 65.43 ± 13.96%. Significant differences in paw edema were observed among groups at all assessment times (p<0.001p<0.001p<0.001). Conclusion: CTLEE demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity with a dose-related trend. The 300 mg/kg dose produced the greatest edema reduction and inhibition among the tested extract doses; however, therapeutic equivalence with diclofenac sodium was not established.

Effect of Immediate Toothbrush Replacement Following Scaling and Root Planing on Salivary Streptococcus sanguinis Levels in Gingivitis Patients

2026-07-31T22:08:35-07:00

Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition associated with microbial biofilm accumulation. Scaling and root planing (SRP) is an effective therapy for reducing microbial load; however, bacterial recolonization may occur after treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toothbrush replacement as an adjunctive home-care intervention after SRP on salivary Streptococcus sanguinis levels in patients with gingivitis. This experimental study used a pretest–posttest intervention design involving 36 gingivitis patients divided into control and intervention groups (18 subjects each). All participants received SRP, while the intervention group received a new toothbrush after SRP. Clinical parameters, including Gingival Index (GI) and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), and salivary S. sanguinis levels were evaluated before and after intervention. Saliva samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Both groups showed significant improvements in GI and OHI-S after SRP (p < 0.001). The mean salivary S. sanguinis level in the control group decreased from 4.94 ± 0.13 to 4.93 ± 0.12 (Δ -0.01; p = 0.863), while the intervention group decreased from 4.83 ± 0.23 to 4.76 ± 0.14 (Δ -0.07; p = 0.367). Post-intervention analysis demonstrated a significantly lower S. sanguinis level in the toothbrush replacement group compared with the control group (4.76 ± 0.14 vs. 4.93 ± 0.12; mean difference = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.07–0.26; p = 0.001). Toothbrush replacement following SRP may provide additional benefits in controlling microbial colonization and supporting periodontal health maintenance in patients with gingivitis.

Determination of Catechin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Brewed and Ethanolic Extracts of Cacao Beans (Theobroma cacao L.) Using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry

2026-08-02T06:00:07-07:00

Introduction: Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) are widely recognized as a rich source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds, particularly flavan-3-ols such as catechin and epicatechin, which exhibit potent antioxidant properties. These secondary metabolites play a critical role in neutralizing free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress implicated in various degenerative diseases. Objective: This study aimed to compare catechin equivalent content and DPPH radical scavenging activity between ethanolic extract (maceration with 70% ethanol) and aqueous infusion (90°C, 15 min) of cocoa beans. Methods: Phytochemical screening was conducted qualitatively. Catechin equivalent content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 280 nm, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method at 515 nm with vitamin C as positive control. Results: Both samples contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids/steroids, polyphenols, and glycosides. The ethanolic extract exhibited higher catechin equivalent content (37.15 ± 0.07 µg/mL) compared to the infusion (19.83 ± 0.10 µg/mL), corresponding to 12.53 ± 0.72 mg/g and 11.18 ± 1.72 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH assay revealed superior antioxidant activity for the ethanolic extract (IC₅₀ = 83.29 µg/mL; strong category) compared to the infusion (IC₅₀ = 192.65 µg/mL; weak category), with vitamin C showing IC₅₀ = 2.95 µg/mL (very strong). Conclusion: Ethanolic maceration is more effective than aqueous infusion for extracting catechin equivalents and achieving higher antioxidant activity from cocoa beans. Further confirmation using HPLC-DAD or LC-MS is recommended to validate specific catechin concentrations.

Immunohistochemical Features of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Series

2026-08-03T09:54:50-07:00

Thyroid carcinoma is one of the most common endocrine cancers with a multi-factorial etiology. The role of HSV-1 in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer remains an area of ongoing investigation. HSV-1 may be present in thyroid tissue raising questions about its potential role in thyroid carcinogenesis. The first case involves a 65-year-old male diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma, presenting with a history of oral discomfort and pain two weeks before evaluation. The second case is a 73-year-old male, also diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma with no history of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Both patients underwent thyroidectomy, and histopathological examination confirmed the presence of papillary carcinoma in thyroid tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis further identified HSV-1 in both cases. A study has reported a higher frequency of HSV DNA detection in thyroid carcinoma, with a significant correlation between oncogenic mutations and HSV presence. The upregulation of nectin-1 expression in thyroid carcinoma facilitates HSV occurrence, thereby increasing the susceptibility of cancer cells to viral infection. Moreover, thyroid hormone levels may play a role in HSV reactivation, highlighting the intricate interplay between thyroid function, viral activity, and cancer progression. Histopathological examination, including immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, identified HSV 1 in two patients diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma. These findings underscore the need for further research involving a larger cohort to elucidate the potential role of HSV in thyroid carcinogenesis.

Effectiveness of Sexual Health Education in Improving Reproductive Health Literacy and Preventive Attitudes among Adolescents

2026-08-04T05:43:41-07:00

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by physical, psychological, and social changes that increase vulnerability to risky sexual behaviors. Low reproductive health literacy and inadequate preventive attitudes among adolescents may contribute to various health problems, including unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of sexual health education in improving reproductive health literacy and preventive attitudes among adolescents at SMP Negeri 32 Padang in 2026. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The population consisted of 188 eighth-grade students, and 20 respondents were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using knowledge and attitude questionnaires administered before and after the sexual health education intervention and were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the mean score of reproductive health literacy increased from 12.55 to 14.15, while the mean score of preventive attitudes increased from 8.10 to 9.65. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in reproductive health literacy (p=0.000) and preventive attitudes (p=0.000) following the intervention. In conclusion, sexual health education is effective in improving adolescents’ reproductive health literacy and preventive attitudes and can serve as a promotive and preventive strategy to support adolescent reproductive health in the school setting.

Prevalence of Scabies and Risk Factors Among Cat Owners Visiting South Sumatra Provincial Animal Hospital : A Cross-Sectional Study

2026-08-05T08:57:39-07:00

Scabies is a skin disease caused by infection with the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, and its incidence has increased worldwide in recent years. In addition to personal hygiene factors associated with scabies prevalence, close contact with infected pets also increases the risk of scabies transmission. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with scabies among cat owners at Visiting South Sumatra Provincial Animal Hospital. This study was a quantitative analysis with a cross-sectional design conducted from August to October 2023 at the Animal House of South Sumatra. A total of 112 respondents were recruited using a simple random sampling technique. The independent variables in this study were the use of antiseptics or soap, cleanliness of clothes, cleanliness of towel, cleanliness of bed sheets, and methods of keeping cats, while the dependent variable was scabies. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate methods using the chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0,05 and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical analysis showed that 21,5% of respondents experienced scabies. Scabies was influenced by the use of antiseptics or soap (p-value = 0,0001), clothing cleanliness (p-value = 0,019), towel cleanliness (p-value = 0,001), and methods of keeping cats (p-value = 0,0001). There was no significant association between bed linen cleanliness (p-value = 0,222) and scabies incidence among cat owners visiting the South Sumatra Animal Husbandry Hospital (RSH). Based on the study results, it was concluded that scabies incidence in cat owners was significantly related to personal hygiene behaviors and pet care management. Therefore, pet owners are advised to improve personal hygiene and good pet care management as a preventative measure against scabies transmission.

Effectiveness of Mimosa pudica Extract on Reducing the Number of Blastocystis sp. in Wistar Rats with Acute Diarrhea Model

2026-08-05T09:31:41-07:00

Introduction: Blastocystis sp. infection is a prevalent cause of gastrointestinal disorders, contributing to acute diarrhea through inflammatory mechanisms and intestinal mucosal damage. Although metronidazole remains the standard antiparasitic therapy, its use is constrained by side effects and variable efficacy, underscoring the need for safer and more effective alternative treatments derived from natural sources. Mimosa pudica is known to contain bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, which exhibit antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of Mimosa pudica leaf extract on reducing parasite numbers in a Wistar rat model of acute diarrhea induced by Blastocystis sp. Methods: Leaf extracts were prepared using ethanol as a solvent and were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phytochemical screening. An in vivo test was conducted in 40 male Wistar rats, divided into six groups: a negative control, a positive control, two metronidazole-treated groups (9 and 13.9 mg), and two extract-treated groups (40 and 80 mg). The primary parameters observed included parasite count in fecal samples, stool consistency, and motor activity. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids in the extract. FTIR spectra revealed functional groups such as hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (C=O), and aliphatic groups (C–H), which are characteristic of bioactive polyphenolic compounds. In vivo results demonstrated that Mimosa pudica extract significantly reduced Blastocystis sp. burden and improved clinical conditions, including stool consistency, in a dose-dependent manner. The 80 mg dose exhibited the highest efficacy, with 80% of samples becoming parasite-free by day 7 of treatment. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Mimosa pudica extract exhibits significant antiparasitic activity against Blastocystis sp. and shows potential as a therapeutic agent for treating protozoan infections, particularly in the context of acute diarrhea. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms and to evaluate its safety and clinical applicability.

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Etlingera comosa Leaves on Blood Glucose Level Reduction and Pancreatic Histopathology in Male White Rats

2026-08-06T07:28:48-07:00

Etlingera comosa is a unique and newly discovered endemic plant species from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, specifically originating from Tentena. Plants belonging to the Etlingera genus have been reported to possess considerable potential as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of E. comosa on blood glucose reduction and pancreatic histopathological changes in male white rats. A completely randomized design with a one-way treatment pattern was employed. Thirty male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5 per group): normal control, positive control, negative control, and treatment groups receiving E. comosa ethanol extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). All groups, except the normal control, were induced with streptozotocin. Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer, while pancreatic histopathological damage was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results demonstrated significant differences in blood glucose levels throughout the treatment period, as well as significant differences in pancreatic histopathological damage scores among the experimental groups. Administration of the ethanol extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW produced a hypoglycemic effect that was not significantly different from the positive control (p > 0.05) but was significantly different from the negative control (p < 0.05). Similarly, the pancreatic damage score in the 400 mg/kg BW group was comparable to the positive control and significantly improved compared with the negative control. These findings indicate that the ethanol extract of E. comosa effectively reduces blood glucose levels and ameliorates pancreatic histopathological damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, with the most effective dose being 400 mg/kg BW.

The Relationship Between Daily Fiber Intake and Random Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Without Complications in Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City

2026-08-09T02:33:53-07:00

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Indonesia ranks fifth globally for DM prevalence, with 19.5 million cases (10.8%) reported in 2021. Dietary fiber intake plays a crucial role in glycemic regulation through mechanisms involving delayed gastric emptying and enhanced insulin sensitivity. However, evidence regarding the association between daily fiber consumption and glycemic control in type 2 DM patients without complications remains inconclusive, particularly in primary care settings. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between daily fiber intake and random blood glucose (RBG) levels among patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus in Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Banda Sakti and Mon Geudong Primary Health Centers from May 2023 to February 2024. A total of 51 participants with uncomplicated type 2 DM were recruited using total sampling. Daily fiber intake was assessed through 24-hour food recall and analyzed using Nutrisurvey software, while RBG levels were measured using a standardized glucometer (ISO 15197:2013). Data analysis employed univariate descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis using Fisher's Exact test, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: The majority of respondents were female (66.7%, n=34), elderly (>60 years, 51.0%, n=26), with higher education levels (60.8%, n=31), and normal body mass index (54.9%, n=28). Suboptimal daily fiber intake (<20 g/day) was observed in 80.4% (n=41) of participants, and poor RBG control (>200 mg/dL) was found in 68.6% (n=35). Although a trend indicated better RBG levels among those with adequate fiber intake (60% had good RBG vs. 24.4% in the insufficient group), statistical analysis revealed no significant association (p=0.054, Fisher's Exact test). Conclusion: Despite the absence of a statistically significant correlation between daily fiber intake and random blood glucose levels in this study, the observed trend suggests the potential clinical relevance of adequate fiber consumption for glycemic management. Future studies with larger sample sizes, prospective designs, and consideration of confounding factors including medication adherence, physical activity, and comprehensive dietary patterns are warranted to further elucidate this relationship.

Antibacterial Activity of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Leaf Ethanol Extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

2026-08-09T12:31:46-07:00

Introduction: The increasing occurrence of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance has encouraged the investigation of medicinal plants as potential sources of antibacterial compounds. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves contain several classes of secondary metabolites that may contribute to antibacterial activity. Objective: This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of lotus leaf ethanol extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and identified the major classes of secondary metabolites present in the extract. Methods: This laboratory experimental study used lotus leaf extract prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol. The simplicia was characterized and subjected to phytochemical screening. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the paper-disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar at extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, with clindamycin as the positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. Each treatment was tested in triplicate. Inhibition-zone diameters were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD test. Results: The lotus leaf material contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. Against E. coli, the mean inhibition-zone diameters at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% were 13.60, 15.40, and 16.60 mm, respectively; the corresponding values against S. aureus were 14.56, 15.21, and 18.13 mm. Differences among treatments were statistically significant for both test bacteria (p<0.001). Conclusion: Lotus leaf ethanol extract exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with the strongest inhibition observed at 20%. Further studies should determine the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations and characterize the active antibacterial constituents.

Viral Load and Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD-4) Values in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patients as a Marker of Sexually Transmitted Disease

2026-08-10T06:20:55-07:00

Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infection is a major problem in developing countries. Co-infection with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in HIV patients is a comorbid factor increasing the risk of HIV and STI transmission. CD4 T lymphocyte cell levels and viral load are used for immunologic and virologic success of HIV/AIDS patients. Studies linking CD4 T lymphocyte counts, viral load and STI incidence in HIV/AIDS patients are few and variable. This research aim to evaluate the CD4 and viral load values in HIV/AIDS patients at Dr. Moewardi Hospital with the incidence of STIs. Retrospective study using secondary data from the medical records of the Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) clinic at Dr. Moewardi Hospital for the period January 2022 - December 2024. Sexually transmitted infections diagnosis was based on syndromic approach. Data CD4 of STI patients with HIV/AIDS were recorded for statistical processing using SPSS version 26. Numerical data were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p>0.05). Normally distributed data were subjected to unpaired t-test, non-normally distributed data were subjected to Mann-Whitney test, categorical data were subjected to chi-square test with a significance of p<0.05. CD4 data were then assessed for sensitivity, specificity and cut-off values. Cases of HIV patients with STIs were predominantly male with an average age of 33.94 years. Statistical analysis showed gender (p=<0.001), occupation (p=0.018) age (p<0.001), and ARV duration (p=0.037), while education level (p=0.448) and viral load (p=0.417). CD4 count (p=0.027) had p<0.05, AUC for CD4 was 0.648 with p=0.030, cutoff 459.5, sensitivity 66.7% and specificity 62.5%, OR=3.33 and p=0.013. There is an association between CD4 levels and the incidence of STIs in HIV patients with a sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 62.5% and a cutoff value of 459.5, HIV patients with CD4 <459.5 have a risk of STIs by 3.33 times compared to HIV patients who have CD 4 ≥459.5 (OR = 3.33; p = 0.013).

Effect of a Combination Cream Containing 4% Tranexamic Acid, 3% Nicotinamide, 1% Hyaluronic Acid, and 1% Lactobacillus on MASI Scores in Patients with Melasma

2026-08-10T07:08:33-07:00

Melasma is a chronic recurrent hyperpigmentation disorder characterized by brownish-to-gray facial patches that may negatively affect patients' quality of life. Its multifactorial pathogenesis involves ultraviolet radiation, hormonal influences, genetic predisposition, inflammation, and oxidative stress, highlighting the need for therapies targeting multiple biological pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination cream containing 4% tranexamic acid, 3% nicotinamide, 1% hyaluronic acid, and 1% Lactobacillus on Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores in patients with melasma. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in 28 subjects randomly allocated into two groups (combination cream, n=14; modified Kligman's formula, n=14) using computer-generated randomization. The primary outcome was the MASI score, while treatment safety, assessed from local skin reactions, was evaluated as a secondary outcome. Evaluations were performed at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 using MASI scores. Pre- and post-treatment analyses were conducted using repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman's test, while between-group comparisons were performed using an independent t-test. The combination cream group demonstrated a reduction in MASI score from 12.90±5.47 to 6.62±3.00 at week 8 (mean change ΔMASI = −6.28) , although statistical significance was not reached (p=0.054). The modified Kligman's formula group showed a significant reduction in MASI score from 13.94 to 7.93 at week 8 (mean change ΔMASI = −6.01) (p<0.001). Comparative analysis demonstrated no significant differences between groups regarding MASI score improvement (p>0.05). Local skin reaction scores were consistently lower in the combination cream group from week 4 to week 8 (all p≤0.004). The combination cream showed a trend toward MASI improvement that did not differ significantly from the modified Kligman's formula, with a more favourable tolerability profile

Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) in outpatients with hypertension at Ridge Community Health Center, Samofa District, Biak Regency, Papua Province, 2025

2026-08-10T21:06:46-07:00

Background: Hypertension is a chronic condition requiring long-term pharmacotherapy, which increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs), particularly in outpatient settings. Limited data exist regarding DRPs in primary healthcare facilities in eastern Indonesia, especially Papua Province. Objective: This study aimed to identify and describe DRPs, including subtherapeutic dosage, supratherapeutic dosage, ineffective drug, inappropriate drug combination, and drug interactions, among hypertensive outpatients at Ridge Community Health Center, Samofa District, Biak Regency, Papua Province, in 2025. Methods: A non-experimental descriptive study with a retrospective design was conducted using medical records and prescription data from hypertensive outpatients. A total of 96 prescriptions were selected through simple random sampling from the January–May 2025 period. DRPs were evaluated based on the National Guidelines for Medical Services (PNPK) for Hypertension 2021, the British National Formulary (BNF), and the Drug Information Handbook, while drug interactions were assessed using Lexicomp® Drug Interactions and Medscape. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: No DRPs were identified in the categories of subtherapeutic dosage, supratherapeutic dosage, or ineffective drug. Inappropriate drug combinations were observed in 15 patients (15.6%), while 81 patients (84.4%) had no such issues. Drug interactions were also identified in 15 patients (15.6%), involving amlodipine-simvastatin and candesartan-ibuprofen combinations. All cases of inappropriate drug combinations concurrently exhibited potential drug interactions. Conclusion: DRPs among hypertensive outpatients at Ridge Community Health Center were predominantly characterized by inappropriate drug combinations and drug interactions, while dosage-related problems were absent. These findings underscore the need for systematic prescription review and routine drug interaction screening in primary care settings to optimize antihypertensive therapy outcomes and ensure patient safety.

Formulation and In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Aphthous Gel Containing Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats

2026-08-11T12:23:21-07:00

Oral ulceration is a common disorder that causes pain and can interfere with daily activities. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) leaves contain bioactive compounds that may support wound healing. This study optimized a gel formulation containing avocado leaf extract and evaluated its anti-ulcer activity in male Wistar rats. The extract was prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol and formulated into carbopol-based gels. Twenty-four rats were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 6): negative control, positive control, gel base, and the selected avocado leaf extract gel. Oral ulcers were induced with 50% acetic acid and evaluated macroscopically; one blinded tissue sample from each group was assessed histopathologically. Phytochemical screening detected alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The selected gel produced a higher macroscopic healing score than the negative control and gel-base groups on day 7, although the positive control showed the highest score. Histopathological observations supported improved epithelial regeneration in the selected-formula group. Kruskal–Wallis analysis showed a difference among groups (p < 0.001), and the prespecified comparison between the negative control and selected formula was significant (p = 0.004). These findings indicate that avocado leaf extract gel warrants further investigation as a topical candidate for oral-ulcer healing.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lipstick Preparations with Hibiscus Flower Extract (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) as a Natural Colourant

2026-08-12T22:02:45-07:00

Synthetic dyes in decorative cosmetics remain a safety concern when prohibited colourants are used in products that are applied repeatedly to the lips. Hibiscus flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) contains anthocyanins that can provide red to purple hues. This preliminary laboratory study prepared solid lipsticks containing 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% hibiscus flower extract and evaluated organoleptic characteristics, approximate pH, short-term room-temperature stability, acute irritation response, and descriptive consumer preference. Dried flower powder underwent two-stage maceration with citric-acidified 96% ethanol, and the concentrated extract was incorporated into a wax-lipid base. The sticks weighed 3- 3.5 g and were easy to apply. The extract-free formula was colourless, while extract-containing formulas produced bright pink to dark red shades. No visible changes in shape, colour, or odour were observed during 30 days of room-temperature storage. All formulas showed an approximate pH of 5 by indicator paper and caused no redness, itching, or oedema in 10 volunteers during a 30-minute preliminary acute irritation screening. The 12% formula had the highest aggregate hedonic score, but statistical superiority could not be determined because panellist-level raw data were unavailable. These findings provide preliminary formulation evidence. Interpretation remains limited by non-identical base compositions, visual colour assessment, non-instrumental pH measurement, and the absence of anthocyanin quantification and accelerated stability testing.

Analysis Total Phenolic Content , Flavonoids and Activity Antioxidants Extract Ethanol, Fraction Syzygium cumini (L) Skells

2026-08-13T08:34:02-07:00

The stem bark of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is known to contain secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which function as natural antioxidants by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons to neutralize free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. This study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract and solvent fractions of S. cumini stem bark. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while total flavonoid content was quantified using the aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The results demonstrated that the ethanol extract contained a total phenolic content of 37.41 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 29.94 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g extract. The antioxidant activity assay revealed that the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited IC₅₀ values of 12.30, 92.82, and 21.72 µg/mL, respectively. According to the antioxidant activity classification, the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, whereas the n-hexane fraction showed strong antioxidant activity.

Effectiveness Test of Nanogel Combination of Avocado Leaf Extract (Persea americana mill) and Taro Leaf Extract (Colocasia esculenta L.) on Healing Burn Wounds on the Skin of Male White Mice (Mus musculus)

2026-08-13T09:21:32-07:00

Burns are skin tissue damage that requires intensive treatment to prevent infection and accelerate cell regeneration. The combination of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) and taro leaf extract (Colocasia esculenta L.) contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins that have the potential to heal burns. This study aims to formulate a nanogel preparation combining the extracts of the two plants and test its effectiveness in healing burns in male white mice. The extracts are combined in the form of nanogel preparations to increase the effectiveness of burn healing in mice. The preparations are made in three formula variations (F1, F2, and F3) and evaluated for their physical qualities including organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesion, stability (cycling test), irritation, and particle size (PSA). The results showed that the nanogel preparations met all physical quality standard parameters with particle sizes in the nano range. In vivo effectiveness tests for 14 days showed that all nanogel formulas were significantly able to accelerate burn healing compared to negative controls (p < 0.05). Formula 3 (F3), with the highest concentration, provided optimal healing effectiveness, equivalent to the positive control, with a healing percentage of 70% on day 14 and characterized by the fastest reduction in wound diameter. In conclusion, the nanogel preparation combining avocado and taro leaf extracts is effective in healing burns and meets the physical characteristics standards for nanogel preparations.

Stability Test of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) Leaf Extract Gel and Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus

2026-08-13T20:44:55-07:00

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that can multiply in body tissues and cause disease. Treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be done with the use of antibacterial agents. One natural ingredient that contains active compounds with potential antibacterial properties is mugwort leaves (Artemisia vulgaris L.). This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity and physical stability of mugwort leaf extract gel against Staphylococcus aureus. The method used to test antibacterial activity in this study was disc diffusion, measuring the zone of inhibition formed around the paper disc. The concentrations of mugwort leaf extract gel tested and formulated were 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The physical stability of the gel was tested using a cycling test, with observations before and after the test. The results showed that mugwort leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibacterial activity test for the gel yielded results of 5% gel: 4.17 mm, 7.5%: 5.67 mm, and 10%: 8.17 mm. The physical stability test results showed that the gel was homogeneous, had good spreadability and pH, and had good physical stability.

Effect of Vacuum Liquid Chromatography Fractionation on the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Leaves

2026-08-13T22:09:18-07:00

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam leaves are recognized as a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) fractionation on the distribution of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Crude ethanolic extract was fractionated by VLC into polar, semipolar, and nonpolar fractions. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively, while α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was evaluated using a p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside-based assay. The crude extract exhibited the highest TPC (4.70 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (5.63 ± 0.11 mg QE/g extract), whereas both parameters decreased markedly after fractionation. Consistently, the crude extract showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, as indicated by the lowest IC₅₀ value, while the nonpolar fraction exhibited the weakest activity. These findings demonstrate that VLC fractionation redistributed rather than enhanced the bioactive constituents responsible for α-glucosidase inhibition. The crude extract therefore represents a promising natural source of α-glucosidase inhibitors and supports the potential utilization of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam for the development of plant-derived antidiabetic agents.

Medication-Use Evaluation among Older Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Lameue Village

2026-08-14T04:01:56-07:00

Background: Rational medicine use is particularly important in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who may face complex regimens, multimorbidity, and a greater risk of adverse drug events. Objective: To evaluate self-reported medication use and examine its associations with knowledge, adherence, and perceived clinical improvement among older adults with RA in Lameue Village, Pidie Regency. Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study included all 45 eligible older adults with RA in the study population (total sampling). Data were collected using a questionnaire reported as valid and reliable. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages, and associations were explored using Pearson's chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Results: Medication-use evaluation was predominantly moderate (62.2%). Knowledge was poor in 40.0% of respondents; adherence was good in 35.6%, moderate in 28.9%, and poor in 35.6%. Perceived clinical improvement was moderate in 53.3%. Knowledge (p=0.002), adherence (p=0.024), and perceived clinical improvement (p<0.001) were associated with medication-use evaluation. Several expected cell counts were below five; therefore, the results should be interpreted as exploratory. Conclusion: Knowledge and adherence were associated with better self-reported medication-use evaluation. Structured education, caregiver involvement, medication review, and follow-up may support safer medicine use, but causal and clinical effectiveness claims require confirmation using validated outcomes and robust analyses.

Identification of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Inpatients: A Retrospective Observational Study at a Referral Hospital

2026-08-17T11:44:59-07:00

Stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, requiring complex pharmacotherapy regimens that significantly increase the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). This study aimed to identify, categorize, and analyze the prevalence and patterns of DRPs among stroke inpatients using a retrospective observational approach. Data were collected from medical records of 98 hospitalized stroke patients treated between January and December 2025 at a referral hospital. DRPs were classified based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) V9.1 system. The patient cohort comprised 55.1% males and 44.9% females, with 57.1% aged ≥ 60 years. Ischemic stroke accounted for 91.8% of cases, while hemorrhagic stroke constituted 5.1%. Hypertension (69.4%) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (28.6%) were the predominant comorbidities. A total of 135 DRP events were identified in 82 patients (83.7%). The most frequent categories were potential drug–drug interactions (36.3%), untreated indications or need for additional therapy (29.6%), inappropriate drug selection (19.3%), and inappropriate dosing, including absent renal-dose adjustment (14.8%). Critical potential interactions included co-administration of clopidogrel with omeprazole and NSAIDs with antihypertensives. Untreated indications mainly involved the absence of high-intensity statin therapy in ischemic stroke patients. In conclusion, DRPs are highly prevalent among stroke inpatients, particularly driven by polypharmacy and complex comorbidities. Clinical pharmacist interventions are crucial to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse drug events

Biphasic Response and Atherogenic Index Modulation of Moringa oleifera Ethanolic Extract in Diet-Induced Obesity Zebrafish Model: A Pharmacological Evaluation

2026-08-17T12:48:04-07:00

Background: Obesity-related dyslipidemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor. Moringa oleifera is rich in phytosterols and flavonoids with potential hypolipidemic properties. However, its pharmacodynamic profile and dose-dependent responses in in vivo models remain incompletely understood, particularly regarding hormetic effects associated with crude extracts. Objective: To evaluate the effects of M. oleifera leaf ethanol extract on lipid profile modulation and atherogenic index in a Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) zebrafish model. Methods: Wild-type female zebrafish were induced with obesity using an Artemia nauplii overfeeding protocol (DIO model) and allocated into five groups (n=9-10 per group analysed): non-DIO control, DIO control, DIO + 0.56 ppm extract, DIO + 1.12 ppm extract, and DIO + 2.24 ppm extract. After 40 days, visceral adipose tissue was collected for colorimetric lipid analysis. The atherogenic index (AI) was calculated as a lipoprotein-ratio-based proxy for cardiovascular risk. Results: DIO induction significantly increased total cholesterol levels and the atherogenic index. Interestingly, M. oleifera extract exhibited a biphasic response. The 0.56 ppm dose significantly restored lipid profiles and reduced the LDL/HDL ratio (AI) to levels approaching those of the non-DIO group (p<0.05), although marked inter-individual variability at this dose warrants cautious interpretation. In contrast, the 1.12 ppm dose failed to improve lipid parameters and instead worsened the atherogenic ratio, tentatively suggesting the presence of a therapeutic window and a possible shift toward pro-oxidant/metabolic stress at higher doses. At the highest dose (2.24 ppm), total cholesterol and AI partially recovered relative to the 1.12 ppm dose; this secondary finding was less consistent than the 0.56 ppm response and requires further study before mechanistic interpretation. Conclusion: M. oleifera ethanol extract demonstrated the most consistent hypolipidemic effect at the lowest dose tested (0.56 ppm) through modulation of the atherogenic index. These findings highlight the importance of dose standardization and further toxicological and phytochemical characterization in phytopharmaceutical development to avoid paradoxical effects and maximize therapeutic efficacy

Determination of Ethanol and Lactic Acid Content from Goat Milk Kefir Fermentation

2026-08-17T14:57:24-07:00

Goat-milk kefir contains lactic acid and ethanol formed through the symbiotic metabolism of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts; however, information on their changes during prolonged fermentation remains limited. This study aimed to characterize ethanol accumulation during six days of goat-milk kefir fermentation and to determine lactic acid after 24 h. Goat milk (250 mL) was heated at 75 °C, inoculated with 4% (w/v) kefir grains, and fermented at 25 ± 2 °C. Ethanol was screened using iodoform, acidified potassium dichromate, and esterification reactions, followed by visible spectrophotometric quantification at 443 nm after Conway microdiffusion. Lactic acid was quantified using HPLC-UV at 210 nm with 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.8), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and an injection volume of 20 µL. The pH decreased from 4.19 on day 1 to 2.15 on day 6, while ethanol increased from 0.227 to 0.657 g/dL (p<0.001). Commercial kefir contained 0.453 g/dL ethanol. The ethanol and lactic-acid calibration models showed R² values of 0.996; lactic acid in 24-h kefir was 3.923%. Prolonged fermentation therefore produced progressive acidification accompanied by ethanol accumulation, with the greatest change occurring during the first three days. These findings establish fermentation time as an important determinant of the metabolite profile of goat-milk kefir and provide a basis for subsequent studies using independent fermentation batches and fully validated analytical methods.

Profile of secondary metabolite compounds of n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) using LC-HRMS

2026-08-17T23:56:40-07:00

The diversity of plants available in nature, the majority have the potential as a source of traditional medicine due to the presence of secondary metabolites in various parts of the plant, especially the leaves. The object of the study was clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a plant species abundant in secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids/triterpenoids. This research aims to compare the profile of secondary metabolites in clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. The research methodology includes phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) with dye reagents and LC-HRMS analysis. Phytochemical screening of the n-hexane fraction confirmed the presence of steroids, while the ethyl acetate fraction confirmed flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. The results of identification using the LC-HRMS instrument on the N-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate fractions of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L) using LC-HRMS contained phenolic, flavonoid and phenylpropanoid compounds. In the results of the chromatogram in the N-Hexane fraction, Rhamnetin compound was obtained which had an area percent of 0.362% with the highest area of 10954249. Meanwhile, in the results of the ethyl acetate fraction chromatogram, eugenol compounds were obtained with an area percent of 0.37% with the highest area of 33151358.

Drug Use Evaluation of Mood Stabilisers in Outpatients with Bipolar Disorder at a Psychiatric Hospital in Padang City

2026-08-18T00:35:58-07:00

Bipolar disorder is a chronic psychiatric condition that requires long-term pharmacotherapy to control symptoms and prevent relapse. Mood stabilisers play a central role in its management; however, inappropriate use may reduce treatment effectiveness and increase the risk of adverse outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of mood stabiliser use among outpatients with bipolar disorder at a psychiatric hospital in Padang City. This retrospective descriptive study used medical record data from January to December 2023. A total of 28 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included, with 220 outpatient visits analysed. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, clinical conditions, and medication use. The appropriateness of therapy was assessed based on four criteria: indication, patient suitability, drug selection, and dosage, using established pharmacotherapy guidelines as the reference standard. The results showed that most patients were female (78.57%) and aged 18–59 years (75%). The evaluation of drug use demonstrated that the appropriateness of indication, patient suitability, and drug selection each reached 83.18%. However, dosage appropriateness was considerably lower at 54.55%, indicating that nearly half of the prescriptions involved suboptimal dosing. While most aspects of mood stabiliser use were generally appropriate, dosing remains a critical issue that may affect treatment effectiveness and patient safety. These findings highlight the importance of improving adherence to clinical guidelines and conducting regular evaluations of pharmacotherapy to optimise outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder.

In Vitro Evaluation of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from Five Indonesian Indigenous Vegetables: A Multivariate and Correlation Approach

2026-08-18T01:27:47-07:00

Postprandial hyperglycemia and its associated oxidative stress are recognized as pivotal pathological hallmarks driving the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications. This study aims to evaluate and comparatively analyze the in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, alongside the free radical scavenging capacities, of ethanolic extracts derived from five widely consumed fresh vegetables in Indonesia: Carica papaya, Momordica charantia, Gigantochloa atter, Diplazium esculentum, and Luffa acutangula. Bioactivity assays were conducted utilizing starch-iodine, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methodologies. The experimental findings demonstrated that D. esculentum extract exhibited the most pronounced dual-inhibitory efficacy against α-amylase (IC₅₀ 138.50 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ 38.20 µg/mL). Furthermore, D. esculentum and C. papaya extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant capacities among all evaluated samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analyses confirmed a strong positive correlation between free radical scavenging capacity and carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition. In conclusion, D. esculentum emerges as a premier functional vegetable candidate, exhibiting remarkable dual-action therapeutic properties for the attenuation of postprandial hyperglycemia and mitigation of oxidative stress.

Phytochemical Analysis and Potential Test of Ethanol Extract of Matoa (Pometia pinnata L) Stem Bark as an Antibacterial Against the Growth of Escherichia coli

2026-08-18T03:32:52-07:00

Background: Diarrhea is a health condition, can be caused by Escherichia coli bacteria. Matoa bark has pharmacological activity, can be used as an alternative antibacterial treatment from natural ingredients. Objective: to determine the content of phytochemical compounds and the potential of ethanol extract of matoa bark as an antibacterial against the growth of Escherichia coli. Method: Type of laboratory experiment research, maceration method extraction, 95% ethanol, test solution concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%. positive control Ciprofloxacin, negative control aquadestilata. Phytochemical analysis based on color reactions and sediment. Antibacterial potential test disc diffusion method, inhibition zone measured using calipers, observation 1x24 hours. Results: Ethanol extract of matoa bark contains phytochemical compounds flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins. The extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% have antibacterial activity with an average inhibition zone diameter of 15.75±0.39 mm, 16.09±0.19 mm, and 18.14±0.73 mm, respectively, which are classified as strong. The diameter of the inhibition zone for Ciprofloxacin is 29.56±0.30 mm. The higher the concentration of the extract, the larger the inhibition zone. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of matoa (Pometia pinnata L) stem bark contains phytochemical compounds flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins. Concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, which are classified as strong. The best test results were obtained at a concentration of 30%.