Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Antimycobacterial Activity and MIC–MBC Determination of Clerodendrum minahassae Ethanolic Leaf Extract Against Mycobacterium smegmatis

2026-01-04T09:34:55-08:00

Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge, particularly due to the increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains, highlighting the need for new antimycobacterial agents from natural sources. Clerodendrum minahassae, a medicinal plant traditionally used in North Sulawesi, has demonstrated antibacterial activity; however, its antimycobacterial potential has not been previously explored. This study aimed to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of C. minahassae against Mycobacterium smegmatis as a surrogate model and to estimate its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extract was tested at concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/disc using the disc diffusion method. Inhibition zone diameters increased in a concentration-dependent manner, ranging from 9.40 ± 0.52 mm to 10.60 ± 0.92 mm. Quantitative analysis using Bloomfield-based linear regression revealed a strong dose–response relationship (R² = 0.9926), from which MIC and MBC values of 0.63 µg/disc and 2.52 µg/disc were estimated, respectively. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of C. minahassae exhibits measurable inhibitory and bactericidal activity against M. smegmatis at relatively low concentrations. While this study represents an exploratory screening, the results support the potential of C. minahassae as a source of bioactive compounds with antimycobacterial relevance. Further investigations involving fractionation, compound identification, toxicity assessment, and validation against pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are warranted.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract Gel of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Leaves Against Bacteria in Diabetic Ulcers

2026-01-04T15:59:17-08:00

Diabetic ulcers are a chronic complication of Diabetes Mellitus, which occurs due to uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Patients with a history of Diabetes Mellitus are susceptible to wounds, especially on the feet, and are difficult to heal, leading to infection. Bacteria identified as causing infection in diabetic ulcers include gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers leaf gel against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which are the bacteria that cause infections in diabetic ulcers. The method used was to measure the area of the inhibition zone formed on NA media that had grown bacteria, using the well method, then added the gel preparation of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract with each concentration of 10%, 20% and 30%. Previously, the gel preparation had been evaluated by several tests such as organoleptic tests, homogeneity, adhesiveness, spreadability and pH. The results of the study obtained antibacterial activity testing at each concentration have antibacterial activity with each category being moderate and very strong. The very strong category was obtained at a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone obtained 15,64 mm, while at a concentration of 10%, 20% were included in the moderate category with a concentration obtained 9,75, and 10,28 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the gel of brotowali leaf extract (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) has antibacterial activity against one of the bacteria that causes diabetic ulcer infections, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Analysis of The Effectiveness of Nanocurcumin on TNF-α Expression and Lesion Diameter in Mice (Mus musculus) Induced with Endometriosis

2026-01-06T20:27:40-08:00

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, which triggers local inflammation and lesion progression. The pathological process involves increased proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, and activation of proliferative and angiogenic pathways. Nanocurcumin, with higher bioavailability compared to conventional curcumin, is known to have the potential to modulate inflammation and inhibit ectopic tissue growth. This study aimed to analyze the effect of nanocurcumin at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW on TNF-α expression and endometriosis lesion diameter in endometriosis-induced mice. The laboratory experimental study used a post-test only control group design with three treatment groups (control, nanocurcumin after induction, and nanocurcumin before induction), each consisting of 10 mice. TNF-α expression was measured using the ELISA method, while lesion diameter was assessed macroscopically. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, ANOVA, and Tukey's extended test. The results showed no significant difference in TNF-α levels between groups (p = 0.933). However, there was a significant difference in endometriosis lesion diameter (p < 0.001), with the nanocurcumin group showing the greatest lesion shrinkage compared to the control and other treatment groups. Nanocurcumin significantly reduced the diameter of endometriosis lesions in mice, although it did not significantly reduce serum TNF-α levels. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of nanocurcumin may be mediated through local mechanisms that are not fully reflected in serum biomarkers.

Optimization of Tween 80 and PEG 400 in Argan Oil (Argania Spinosa (L.) Skeels) Nanoemulgel Preparations and Antioxidant Testing Using the DPPH Method.

2026-01-12T19:09:27-08:00

This study aims to optimize the concentrations of Tween 80 and PEG 400 in the formulation of argan oil nanoemulgel and to evaluate its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The nanoemulsion optimization process was carried out using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) approach, employing percent transmittance, pH, and emulsification time as response parameters. The optimal results were obtained at a concentration of 60% Tween 80 and 30% PEG 400, with a desirability value of 0.886. The optimized nanoemulsion exhibited a particle size of 31.3 ± 0.21 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.364, meeting the standard criteria for nanoemulsion systems. The resulting nanoemulgel demonstrated favorable physical characteristics, including homogeneous consistency, a spreadability value of 5.03 ± 0.21 cm, an adhesion time of 2.9 ± 0.41 seconds, a viscosity of 29,780 cPs, and a pH of 6.1 ± 0.07. Antioxidant evaluation showed that the argan oil nanoemulgel exhibited strong activity with an IC₅₀ value of 100.33 µg/mL. These results indicate that the optimized nanoemulgel formulation is capable of maintaining the antioxidant activity of argan oil and has strong potential for development as an effective and stable anti-aging cosmetic product.

Analysis of Curcumin Levels in Herbal Medicine of Turmeric Tamarind Using Spectrophotometer visible

2026-01-17T01:08:57-08:00

The rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) contains curcumin as the principal bioactive compound responsible for its diverse pharmacological activities. Therefore, the analysis of curcumin content is essential for the quality control of herbal medicines. This study aimed to determine the curcumin content in five turmeric herbal medicine samples obtained from herbal vendors in the Kartasura area. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was employed for qualitative identification, while visible spectrophotometry was used for quantitative analysis. Samples were selected using purposive sampling and extracted with chloroform, followed by evaporation using a water bath and reconstitution in 96% ethanol. Quantitative analysis was performed by measuring curcumin content on days 1, 2, and 3 of storage to evaluate content stability. Qualitative TLC analysis was conducted using silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of ethanol, glacial acetic acid, and chloroform (94:5:1, v/v/v). The TLC results confirmed the presence of three curcuminoid compounds curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin with consistent Rf values observed under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Quantitative analysis using visible spectrophotometry showed significant differences in curcumin content among samples (p < 0.001) based on one-way ANOVA. Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity (R² = 0.9995), acceptable accuracy (mean recovery of 109.67%), good precision (RSD of 1.80%), and sensitivity with LOD and LOQ values of 0.128 ppm and 0.388 ppm, respectively. These findings indicate that the validated spectrophotometric method is suitable for determining curcumin content in turmeric-based herbal medicines. Variations in curcumin levels among samples may be attributed to differences in raw material quality and manufacturing processes.

Hepatoprotector Activity of the Polar n-Butanol Fraction of Corn Silk (Zea mays L.) in Paracetamol-Induced Male White Rats

2026-01-17T02:09:51-08:00

Corn silk is a part of the corn plant that is known to contain beneficial chemical compounds, including flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant activity and have the potential as hepatoprotective compounds that can protect the liver from damage caused by free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the polar fraction of corn silk on male white rats induced by paracetamol. The animals used were 25 male white rats divided into 5 groups, namely group 1 (Negative control), group 2 (positive control) induced by toxic doses of paracetamol, and groups 3, 4, 5 polar fractions of corn silk doses (200, 400, 800 mg/kgBW). The measurement parameters were SGOT-SGPT levels, liver organ weight ratio, and histopathological examination of the liver. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and statistically with two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test. The results of observations of SGOT enzyme levels on days 7 and 14 were group 1 (18.5 and 20.5 U/L), group 2 (50.5 and 113.75 U/L), group 3 (21.5 and 45.25 U/L), group 4 (23.25 and 83.75 U/L), group 5 (26.5 and 105.75 U/L). SGPT enzyme levels on days 7 and 14 were group 1 (39.75 and 42 U/L), group 2 (70.25 and 82.25 U/L), group 3 (42.5 and 48 U/L), group 4 (46.26 and 64.75 U/L), group 5 (48.75 and 70.25 U/L). The results of histopathological observations with score values of group 1 (0), group 2 (4), group 3 (1), group 4 (3), group 5 (3). Based on the research results obtained, it can be concluded that the polar fraction of corn silk has the most effective hepatoprotective activity at the lowest dose of 200 mg/kgBW with the observation results closest to the negative control for each parameter.

Identification of Active Compounds in Dadap Serep Leaves (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr) and Their Potential as Antioxidants

2026-01-18T07:44:03-08:00

Background: Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr, locally known as dadap serep, is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments, suggesting the presence of bioactive compounds. Scientific exploration of its phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential, however, remains limited compared to other species in the genus. Objective: This study aimed to (1) identify the bioactive compound groups in the 70% ethanol extract of Erythrina subumbrans leaves through phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and (2) evaluate its antioxidant activity quantitatively using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Methods: The leaves were extracted via maceration using 70% ethanol. The extract was subjected to standard phytochemical screening tests for flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Flavonoid profiling was performed using TLC with a quercetin standard. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH method, with vitamin C as a reference standard, and the IC₅₀ value was determined. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. TLC analysis indicated the presence of flavonoid compounds, with one major spot showing an Rf value similar to the quercetin standard. The DPPH assay revealed that the extract possesses strong antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 49.94 ppm. According to established antioxidant strength criteria, this IC₅₀ value is categorized as very strong.Conclusion: The 70% ethanol extract of Erythrina subumbrans leaves contains diverse bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, and exhibits very strong antioxidant activity. These findings scientifically support its traditional use and highlight its potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants for further pharmaceutical or nutraceutical development.

Formulation of Moringa Leaf Extract Effervescent Tablets (Moringa oleifera L.) as a Nutritional supplement to Prevent Stunting

2026-01-18T09:01:26-08:00

Stunting remains a significant nutritional problem in Indonesia, requiring practical and acceptable nutritional interventions. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are known to contain essential minerals such as zinc, iron, and iodine, which play an important role in supporting optimal growth. This study aimed to formulate effervescent tablets of Moringa leaf extract and evaluate their physical quality as an alternative nutritional supplement for stunting prevention. Moringa leaf extract was obtained through maceration and formulated into four effervescent tablet formulas with varying extract concentrations. The evaluations included granule flow properties, angle of repose, pH, size uniformity, weight uniformity, dispersion time, FTIR analysis, and hedonic testing. The results showed that all formulas met the physical quality requirements of effervescent tablets. The granules exhibited good flow characteristics with an angle of repose below 40°, while the tablet pH values ranged from 4,4 -5,8, indicating suitability for oral administration. All formulas complied with the standards for size and weight uniformity, and the dispersion time ranged from 1 to 2 minutes. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, nitroso, and benzene functional groups associated with flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which contribute beneficial mineral content. Based on physical and organoleptic evaluations, Formula 2 showed the best combination of extract content and granule flow properties, while Formula 1 was the most preferred in terms of taste.

Analysis of Pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus) Contamination in Processed Beef and Chicken Meatball Products in Tuntungan, North Sumatra

2026-01-20T02:11:02-08:00

Background: Meatballs are a popular processed meat product in Indonesia. High consumption of meatballs is accompanied by increasing public concern, especially among Muslims, regarding the halal aspect of the product. The potential contamination of pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus) in beef and chicken meatballs is a critical issue, whether due to unintentional cross-contamination or adulteration. Tuntungan area, North Sumatra, with its diverse demographic and trading characteristics, is an important location to assess the level of contamination. Objective: This study aimed to detect the presence of pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus) contamination in processed beef and chicken meatball products traded in the Tuntungan area, North Sumatra. Methods: Four meatball samples (three chicken meatballs and one beef meatball) were collected from street vendors and meatball stalls at different locations. DNA detection was performed molecularly using the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) method with the *Genechecker UF-300* instrument. The procedure began with sample preparation, DNA extraction using the Genolution tool, master mix preparation, and analysis using the PCR Gen Checker chip. Result validation was based on the Cycle threshold (Ct) value in the target channel (FAM for pork DNA) and the internal control channel (ROX). Results: The analysis results of all four samples showed a FAM Ct value of 0 (not detected), indicating no amplification of specific pork target DNA. Meanwhile, the ROX Ct value (internal control) in all samples was detected in the range of 19.41–20.50, proving that the DNA extraction and amplification process ran optimally without inhibition. The positive control showed valid amplification signals, and the negative control showed no contamination. Conclusion: Based on the molecular detection results, it can be concluded that all tested beef and chicken meatball samples from the Tuntungan area were not contaminated with pork DNA (Sus scrofa domesticus). This finding indicates that traders in the area have applied good processing practices and separated raw materials, so the meatballs sold meet the halal aspect in terms of ingredient authenticity.

Exploration of the Hydration Effect of a Lotion Enriched with Clitoria ternatea Extract on Mus musculus Skin Exposed to UV Rays

2026-01-20T20:47:06-08:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a lotion enriched with butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) in improving skin hydration in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Butterfly pea flower extract is known to contain anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, which act as antioxidants and are thought to maintain skin moisture. The study design used an experimental method. Mice were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 6 per group), consisting of a negative control group, a positive control group, and three treatment groups receiving butterfly pea flower extract lotion at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Skin hydration levels were measured using a Scalar Moisture Checker after five minutes of UV exposure. The results showed a significant difference in hydration levels between groups. The 1% butterfly pea flower extract lotion showed a significant increase in skin hydration compared to the negative control (p < 0.05), indicating its optimal moisturizing efficacy among the tested formulations. These findings indicate that butterfly pea flower extract has potential as an active ingredient in lotion formulations to improve hydration in skin damaged by UV light exposure. This study provides a scientific basis for the use of butterfly pea flower extract as a natural moisturizing agent.

Protective effect ethanol extract of Bidens pilosa L. on the immune system based on histological spleen of Rattus norvegicus alcohol-induced

2026-01-20T22:35:02-08:00

This study aims to determine the protective activity of Bidens pilosa L. leaf ethanol extract (EEDK) on the immune system based on the white pulp diameter, and histopathology of the spleen of white rats given alcohol. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), with treatments divided into 5 groups: negative control (K-) without EEDK or alcohol administration, positive control (K+) administered 10 ml/kg body weight of alcohol, treatment 1 (P1) administered 250 mg/kg body weight of EEDK and 10 ml/kg body weight of alcohol, treatment 2 (P2) given 500 mg/kgbb EEDK and 10 ml/kgbb alcohol, and treatment 3 (P3) given 750 mg/kgbb EEDK and 10 ml/kgbb alcohol. EEDK was administered 1 hour after alcohol administration and was given orally every day for 43 days. The parameters observed in this study were diameter of the white pulp, and histopathology of the white rat spleen. The observation data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and followed by a post hoc test with the DMRT test to see the differences between treatments. The results showed that the ethanol extract Bidens pilosa L. potential as an immunomodulator by increasing the diameter of the white pulp of the spleen, and had a significant effect on spleen histology by showing protective activity with a decrease in the level of spleen tissue damage due to alcohol, particularly tissue fibrosis, lymphocyte apoptosis, and necrosis (p£0.05).

Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.) Extract as Antibacterial Cream Against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

2026-01-22T16:59:26-08:00

Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem in adolescents that often causes stress, anxiety, and decreased self confidence. Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.) has antibacterial potential, but its effectiveness against Cutibacterium acnes has not been fully explored. This study aims to develop a cream formulation of Spiny Amaranth leaf ethanol extract and test its antibacterial effectiveness against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. The research method includes extraction of Spiny Amaranth leaves, cream preparation, and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the antibacterial cream of Spiny Amaranth leaf extract has good effectiveness against the growth of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus, with an increasing inhibition zone along with the increase in extract concentration, namely 18.5 mm at 25% concentration and 27.9 mm at 50% concentration for Cutibacterium acnes, and 16.0 mm at 25% concentration and 23.3 mm at 50% concentration for Staphylococcus aureus. The characteristics of the cream that are suitable for the skin and the stable emulsion type make this cream ideal for skin application. The results of this study indicate that the antibacterial cream of Spiny Amaranth leaf extract can be used as an effective alternative natural antibacterial treatment.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanolic and Decoction Extract of Crystal Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L. Cultivar Kristal) Against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus

2026-01-24T22:04:41-08:00

Background: Diarrhea is often caused by bacterial infections, including Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The irrational use of antibiotics can lead to antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the need for alternative therapies derived from natural products. Crystal guava leaves (Psidium guajava L. cultivar Kristal) are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties; however, the effectiveness of their ethanolic extract and decoction has not been widely reported. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and decoction of crystal guava leaves against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to identify the major classes of compounds responsible for the observed activity. Methods: Extraction was carried out using maceration with 96% ethanol and decoction with water. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the well diffusion method at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. Identification of active compounds was performed through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and TLC-bioautography analyses. Results: Both the ethanolic extract and the decoction exhibited antibacterial activity that increased with rising concentrations. The highest inhibition zones were observed at a concentration of 40%. The ethanolic extract demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity than the decoction, with the highest effectiveness against S. aureus. Bioautography analysis revealed that flavonoid compounds, strongly suspected to be quercetin derivatives, were the primary contributors to the antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Crystal guava leaf extract, particularly the ethanolic extract, shows significant antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus, with flavonoids identified as the key active compounds. These findings support the potential of crystal guava leaves as a natural source of antibacterial agents.

Study of Diuretic in Cirrhosis Hepatic Patients with Ascites Complication at dr Iskak Tulungagung General Hospital

2026-01-25T03:08:31-08:00

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cirrhosis is a structural change of the liver from normal to abnormal, characterized by fibrosis. Ascites is the most common complication in liver cirrhosis patients with the primary trigger (75%) is portal hypertension. The treatment focuses on removing the fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This study aim to understanding the pattern of diuretic use as ascites therapy in patients with cirrhosis hepatic. An observational study with a retrospective and descriptive approach using total sampling method in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and ascites who received diuretics at Dr Iskak Tulungagung general hospital during January-December 2022 were conducted. The tools used in this study include medical records, data collection sheets, clinical data sheets, and laboratory data. Among 62 patients, 16 (26%) received spironolactone monotherapy, 9 (14%) furosemide monotherapy, 21 (34%) combination therapy, and 16 (26%) underwent switching between regimens. Spironolactone, particularly at 100 mg orally once daily, either alone or in combination with furosemide (40 mg intravenously once daily), was the most frequently prescribed diuretic regimen. These findings indicate that the therapeutic approach applied in clinical practice has generally followed the AASLD guideline recommendations.

Qualitative Analysis of Formalin Content in White Tofu at Traditional Markets in Surakarta

2026-01-25T03:59:58-08:00

Background: Formalin is still frequently misused as a preservative in white tofu despite being prohibited in food products due to its toxic, irritant, and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, monitoring its presence in traditional markets requires detection methods that are simple, accurate, and well validated. Objective: This study aimed to detect formalin in white tofu sold in traditional markets in Surakarta City and to compare and validate three qualitative formalin detection methods (Nash reagent, KMnO₄, and Schiff reagent) in combination with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Methods: A total of 10 white tofu samples were randomly collected from five traditional markets in Surakarta. The samples were extracted and analyzed using colorimetric tests with Nash, KMnO₄, and Schiff reagents, followed by confirmatory analysis using TLC. Method validation included determination of the limit of detection (LOD) and specificity. Results: Formalin was detected in 30% of the samples (B1, C1, and D2) by all applied methods, while the remaining 70% showed negative results. The LOD test indicated that the Nash reagent exhibited the highest sensitivity, detecting formalin at concentrations as low as 3.125 ppm, followed by TLC (6.25 ppm), Schiff reagent (25 ppm), and KMnO₄ (50 ppm). All methods demonstrated good specificity, with no false-positive results observed in blank samples and negative controls. Conclusion: This study confirms the misuse of formalin in 30% of white tofu samples from traditional markets in Surakarta. The Nash reagent is recommended as the most sensitive method for initial screening, while TLC serves as an effective confirmatory method. The combination of Nash reagent and TLC provides a simple, sensitive, and specific approach for formalin surveillance in white tofu at the field level.

Anti-Dandruff Dilute Emulsion of Ylang-Ylang Flower Extract (Cananga odorata): Effect of Increasing Extract Concentration on Physicochemical Properties and Effectiveness Against Malassezia furfur

2026-01-25T18:05:31-08:00

Background: Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting approximately 50% of the global population. Dandruff treatment generally relies on chemical-based shampoos, which may cause adverse effects with long-term use. Therefore, natural-based alternatives are needed. Ylang-ylang flower (Cananga odorata) extract contains flavonoids and saponins with potential antifungal activity. To develop an effective, stable, safe, and user-friendly natural anti-dandruff product, evaluation of its physicochemical properties and antifungal efficacy is required. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of ylang-ylang flower extract on the physicochemical properties of an anti-dandruff dilute emulsion and its inhibitory activity against Malassezia furfur. Methods: ylang-ylang flowers were extracted by maceration using ethanol as a solvent at a 1:5 ratio. The extract was formulated into four formulations with concentrations of F1 (10%), F2 (15%), F3 (20%), and F4 (25%), along with a formulation without extract (F0) as a control. Physicochemical evaluations included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and pH value, while antifungal activity was assessed using the microdilution method. The pH value data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA while the freeze-thaw data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the addition of ylang-ylang flower extract significantly improved the pH stability of the formulation compared to the control (F0) (p < 0.05). The irritation test indicated that all formulations did not cause irritation in volunteers. The microdilution assay revealed that the MIC of the extract was 390.625 µg/mL, while the MIC values of the formulations containing the extract at different concentrations were 312.5 µg/mL (F1), 468.75 µg/mL (F2), 312.5 µg/mL (F3), and 390.625 µg/mL (F4). These values were higher than that of ketoconazole, which exhibited an MIC of 0.058 µg/mL. Conclusion: Increasing concentrations of ylang-ylang flower extract significantly affected the physicochemical properties of the formulation by improving pH stability and demonstrated good antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur.

Optimization of Anti-Acne Patch Formula from ambon banana stem extract with HPMC-Chitosan Using Simplex Lattice Design

2026-01-26T01:40:18-08:00

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous gland hyperactivity, abnormal follicular keratinization, excessive bacterial colonization, immune response, and inflammation. The main causes include pore obstruction due to excess sebum, with Cutibacterium acnes as the dominant bacteria. Increasing concerns about the side effects of chemical drugs and antibiotic resistance encourage the development of safer and more sustainable natural treatments. Ambon banana stem (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) contains bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, and flavonoids that exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study aims to optimize the anti-acne patch formula from Ambon banana stem extract using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and chitosan polymers through simplex lattice design (SLD) in Design-Expert® v.13. Eight formulas were made and evaluated for their physical properties, including weight uniformity, thickness, pH, moisture absorption, folding resistance, and swelling index. The optimal formula was obtained in a combination of 4 g HPMC and 0.5 g chitosan with a desirability value of 0.645. The results of the optimal formula validation with a paired t-test showed no significant differences in the formula except for pH. The Ambon banana tree stem extract patch produced an inhibition zone of 13 ± 0.5 mm against Cutibacterium acnes with a strong category although lower than the pure extract (19.03 mm) and clindamycin control (21.17 mm). This patch offers controlled drug release, ease of use without contamination, and increased patient compliance, making it an effective alternative natural acne treatment.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic and Decoction Extract of Crystal Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L. Cultivar Kristal) Against Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei

2026-01-26T10:51:12-08:00

Crystal guava leaves (Psidium guajava L. Cultivar Kristal) are plants that have potential as antibacterial agents against bacteria that cause diarrhea because they belong to the Psidium guajava L. species, which is widely reported to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of crystal guava leaves and the group of compounds that act as antibacterial agents. The study design was experimental, using ethanol extracts and decoctions of crystal guava leaves made at concentrations of 40% w/v, 20% w/v, 10% w/v, and 5% w/v and tested on bacteria that cause diarrhea, namely Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei, using the well diffusion method. Then, TLC-Bioautography was performed to detect the compound components. Statistical data analysis using SPSS began with normality, homogeneity, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that the 40% w/v concentration had the largest inhibition zone in both extracts. The compounds contained in the ethanol extract and crystal guava leaf decoction were flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Meanwhile, the specific compound that acts as an antibacterial agent in ethanol extracts and crystal guava leaf decoction is the flavonoid group, specifically quercetin. The Kruskal-Wallis test with a p-value of 0,001 < 0,005 showed that there was a significant difference between concentrations. Further analysis using the Mann-Whitney test showed that the 40% concentration group was significantly different from the 5% concentration group.

Hubungan Kadar Enzim Alkaline Phosphatase Dengan Kejadian Enamel Defect Gigi Permanen pada Anak

2026-01-28T09:34:40-08:00

Enamel gigi merupakan jaringan yang paling keras yang ada di dalam tubuh manusia yang dibentuk oleh interaksi antara protein matriks dan enzim, terkhusus kadar enzim alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Gangguan dalam regulasi atau aktivitas ALP dapat menyebabkan mineralisasi enamel yang tidak tepat dan meningkatkan risiko terjadinya Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) pada gigi permanen. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis hubungan kadar enzim ALP dengan kejadian DDE pada anak. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 children divided into two groups: normal enamel and DDE. Pemeriksaan enamel gigi menggunakan modified DDE index. Saliva dianalsis dengan metode Kolorimetrik secara duplo. Analisa statistic menggunakan Mann-Whitney test dengan hasil signifikan ketika p < 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kadar ALP rata-rata pada kelompok enamel normal lebih rendah [5,90 (1,38 – 27,82) mg/mL] dibandingkan dengan kelompok DDE [7,76 (0,13-11,89) mg/mL] dengan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan (p > 0,05). Berdasarkan temuan ini, kadar ALP dalam saliva tidak memiliki hubungan langsung yang kuat dengan DDE, sehingga potensinya sebagai biomarker tunggal untuk deteksi dini DDE terbatas.

Combination Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) and Chloramphenicol Against Salmonella typhi

2026-01-30T20:22:50-08:00

Background: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a significant health burden. Chloramphenicol is a first-line antibiotic for its treatment; however, increasing bacterial resistance necessitates alternative therapeutic strategies. Combining antibiotics with natural compounds is a potential approach to overcome resistance and reduce antibiotic doses. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) have been reported to contain bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro interaction between ethanolic extract of kersen leaves and chloramphenicol against Salmonella typhi using the checkerboard assay method. Methods: The ethanolic extract was obtained through maceration. Phytochemical constituents were analyzed qualitatively using tube tests and Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) with silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase and a chloroform:methanol (8:2 v/v) mobile phase. The antibacterial activity, expressed as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), was determined for both the single extract and chloramphenicol using the microdilution method with resazurin indicator. The interaction between the two agents was assessed using the checkerboard assay, and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) was calculated. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract of kersen leaves contained alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The MIC value of chloramphenicol alone was 19.5 µg/mL, while the extract alone showed an MIC of >1000 µg/mL against S. typhi. The checkerboard assay results indicated an increase in the MIC of chloramphenicol in combination with the extract; however, the FICI value could not be definitively determined due to the inability to establish the extract's MIC in the combination. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of kersen leaves contains various secondary metabolite groups. While chloramphenicol exhibited antibacterial activity, the extract alone did not show inhibitory activity at the tested concentrations. The combination test suggested a potential alteration in the effectiveness of chloramphenicol, but the interaction type (synergistic, additive, indifferent, or antagonistic) could not be conclusively classified. Further investigation using fractionated or isolated compounds from the leaves is recommended.

Detection of Chemical Drug Substances (CDS) in Herbal Medicines for Shortness of Breath Circulating on e-Marketplaces Using a Combination of TLC and FTIR Methods

2026-01-30T22:40:46-08:00

The circulation of herbal medicines through e-marketplaces raises serious safety concerns due to the illegal addition of chemical drug substances to provide rapid therapeutic effects. This study aimed to detect chemical drug substances, specifically theophylline and chlorpheniramine maleate, in herbal medicines marketed for shortness of breath using a combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Qualitative analysis was conducted through optimization and validation of TLC using two mobile phase systems, followed by two-dimensional chromatography to enhance separation selectivity. The optimized systems demonstrated adequate separation with acceptable resolution values. The results showed that all herbal medicine samples had retention factor (Rf) values comparable to the standard. FTIR confirmation showed typical absorption bands of chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) and theophylline, so that all samples (5 of 5) were declared positive for containing chemical drugs, with CTM identified in samples 1 and 4 and theophylline in samples 2, 3, and 5. These findings indicate that some herbal medicines circulating in e-marketplaces contain chemical drugs, which are not in accordance with the provisions of traditional medicine regulations.

Optimization of Strawberry Juice Powder (Fragaria x ananassa) and Castor Oil Lip Cream Formulation Using the Simplex Lattice Design Method

2026-01-31T01:50:03-08:00

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) contain striking red anthocyanin pigments that can serve as natural colorants for lip cream preparations and also as antioxidants. The emollient properties of castor oil can rehydrate dry skin, allowing it to function as a moisturizer for the skin and lips. This study aims to obtain the optimal formula for lip cream combining strawberry fruit strawberry juice powder as a natural colouring agent and castor oil as a moisturizer. Both ingredients were optimized using Design Expert V13 Simplex Lattice Design method, resulting in 5 formulas in 8 runs. The lip cream preparations were evaluated based on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability, irritation, hedonic, and antioxidant tests to obtain the optimal formula. Verification of the optimal formula was carried out to ensure the validity of the results. The results of the study obtained an optimal formula with a composition of 33.15 g of strawberry juice powder and 13.85 g of castor oil with a desirability value of 0.524. The optimal formula produced a pH response of 5.6; viscosity of 17686.7 cP; adhesion of 4.06 seconds; spreadability of 6.57 cm; hedonic properties in terms of colour, aroma, and spreadability of 4.7, 4.7, and 4.8, respectively; and antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 21.31 ppm. The results of the verification formula on the parameters of pH, viscosity, adhesive power and spread power did not show significant differences.

Development of a Nanoparticle Solution from the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

2026-01-31T21:13:33-08:00

Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) are known to contain secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, and steroid-triterpenoids, which have potential as immunostimulants. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of chitosan and NaTPP on the stability of nanoparticle solutions from the ethyl acetate fraction of sungkai leaves. Sungkai leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol, then fractionated using the liquid-liquid estraction method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol solvents. The ethyl acetate fraction selected to be made into nanoparticle solutions used the ionic gelation method with variations in the ratio of chitosan:NaTPP consisting of 3 formulas, namely F1 (5:1), F2 (10:1), F3 (20:1). Characterization of the nanoparticle solution was carried out by organoleptic testing, measuring % transmittance, particle size with a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and measuring the zeta potential value. The results showed that F3 (Chitosan:NaTPP 20:1) produced an average particle size of 953.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0,338, and a zeta potential of 43.2 mV, indicating relatively better stability compared to the other formulas. However, the percent transmittance obtained was still below the optimum (80-100%), which was 68.88%. In conclusion, increasing the chitosan:NaTPP ratio affected the environmental stability of the nanoparticles, and formula. F3 was the most stable formula in this study.

Analysis of Mercury and Hydroquinone Content in Online Facial Whitening Creams Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2026-01-31T22:01:13-08:00

The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and plays an important protective and physiological role. Currently, fair skin is often regarded as a beauty standard desired by both men and women. Mercury and hydroquinone are active ingredients commonly used in whitening products due to their ability to inhibit melanin formation; however, their use can cause serious toxic effects. This study aimed to determine the presence of mercury and hydroquinone qualitatively and quantitatively in facial whitening creams sold online in Bandung City. Samples showing positive results were further analyzed quantitatively to determine their concentrations. For mercury analysis, samples were digested using a microwave digestion method to eliminate organic substances. The color reaction test for mercury employed KI 0.5 N, HCl 6 M, and NaOH 2 N reagents. Based on qualitative testing, samples labeled D and N were positive for mercury. Quantitative determination of mercury was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. For hydroquinone analysis, qualitative color tests were carried out using FeCl₃ 5%, phenanthroline, and Benedict reagents, while quantitative analysis was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Of the 17 samples tested, two (D and N) contained mercury at concentrations of 2,776 ± 0,036 μg/g and 4,277 ± 0,021 μg/g, respectively, and two others (E and H) contained hydroquinone 2,3745% and 2,4798%.

Combined ultrasound and enzymatic-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid compounds from Arabica Coffee Cascara Kerinci

2026-02-01T00:25:03-08:00

Arabica Coffee Cascara (CKA) has high potential as a source of bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid, which has antioxidant activity. The release of active compound can be optimized by combining ultrasonic and enzymatic methods, which are more efficient and environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of ultrasound-enzymatic-assisted extraction (UEAE) using water as a solvent for chlorogenic acid compound from CKA using Response Surface Methodology Box-Behnken Design (RSM_BBD). Three extraction parameters, such as sonication temperature (35-45°C), enzyme concentration (10-20 mg/g), and enzymolysis temperature (40-60°C), were designed to obtain optimal chlorogenic acid content. Based on the general trend data, results indicated that the highest chlorogenic acid content was 42.55 mg/g of dry extract, and was achieved under specific conditions: a sonication temperature of 40°C, an enzyme concentration of 10 mg/g, and an enzymolysis temperature of 60°C. Verification tests showed a value of 44.17 mg/g dry extract within the model’s prediction range with a 95% confidence level. The current quadratic RSM model with the existing factor design is not yet a reliable predictive tool and only serves to explore the range of operational extraction conditions.

Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Completeness and Its Impact on Therapeutic Outcomes in Unstable Angina Pectoris: A Tertiary Hospital Study in Indonesia

2026-02-01T21:01:22-08:00

Unstable angina pectoris (UAP) is a major cause of cardiovascular hospitalization and requires complex inpatient pharmacological management. Variability in the completeness of core guideline-recommended acute pharmacotherapy may influence inpatient therapeutic outcomes, including length of hospital stay (LOS). This study aimed to evaluate the completeness of core guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy and its association with LOS among hospitalized patients with unstable angina pectoris at a tertiary referral hospital in Indonesia. A descriptive observational study with a retrospective design was conducted using secondary data from medical records. Of 214 hospitalized patients screened, 144 adult patients diagnosed with unstable angina pectoris met the inclusion criteria. Data collected included demographic characteristics, smoking status, comorbidities, LOS, and pharmacological therapy administered during hospitalization. Pharmacotherapy completeness was operationally defined based on the documented use of three core disease-modifying drug classes recommended for the acute management of unstable angina pectoris: antiplatelet therapy (single or dual), statin therapy, and beta-blocker therapy based on core acute-phase recommendations in the ESC 2023 and AHA/ACC 2023 guidelines, at any time during the inpatient stay. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics and medication use, while bivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between pharmacotherapy completeness and LOS. Most patients were male (62.5%) and aged 40–59 years (47.9%) or ≥60 years (43.1%), with a median LOS of 4 days (interquartile range 3–5). The most frequently prescribed drug classes were statins (92.4%), beta-blockers (91.7%), aspirin (88.2%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (86.1%). Dual antiplatelet therapy was administered in 66.7% of patients, and anticoagulants in 28.5%. Bivariate analysis showed no statistically significant association between pharmacotherapy completeness and length of hospital stay (p = 0.642). In conclusion, hospitalized patients with unstable angina pectoris generally received pharmacological therapy aligned with core guideline-recommended acute-phase management. However, the absence of a significant association between pharmacotherapy completeness and LOS suggests that LOS is a multifactorial outcome influenced by clinical and organizational factors beyond pharmacological management. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive inpatient care and structured medication review, including the role of clinical pharmacists, in optimizing treatment for patients with UAP.

Effervescent Granule Formulation Containing Cyclea barbata Miers Leaf Extract: Physical Evaluation (Before and After Reconstitution)

2026-02-02T21:07:07-08:00

Cyclea barbata Miers leaf extract contains flavonoid compounds that have anti-inflammatory activity. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentrations on the physical properties of effervescent granules before (organoleptic, flow time, angle of repose, water content, and compressibility index test) and after (organoleptic, dissolve time, foam height, pH, and hedonic) reconstitution. Effervescent granules were formulated using the wet granulation method using varying concentrations of citric acid: sodium bicarbonate, respectively, it is FI (17%: 30%), FII (20%: 27%) and FIII (23%: 24%). Based on the results of the evaluation test of the physical properties of effervescent granules, FI and FII are appropriate for the requirements of each test, while FIII did not appropriate the requirements in the flow time, angle of repose, foam height and pH tests. This study concludes that FI (17%:30%) demonstrated the most optimal physical properties, meeting all evaluation parameters and receiving the highest hedonic score.

Potential Drug Interactions in Patients with Neurological Diseases at Hospital X in Pidie District, Aceh: quantitative descriptive study

2026-02-02T22:39:34-08:00

Background: Drug interactions can increase the risk of side effects and reduce the success of therapy, especially in neurological patients who often receive polypharmacy. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of administering a combination of drugs as a trigger for potential drug interactions based on their classification (minor, moderate, major) in patients with neurological diseases. Methods: This study is a retrospective quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of outpatient neurological patients who received more than two drugs that met the inclusion criteria. Potential drug interactions were analyzed using the https://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html. Results: The highest category of drug interactions was moderate (n= 52; 75%) with the following drug combinations: (amlodipine and bisoprolol); (Simvastatin + Miconazole); (Simvastatin + Omeprazole); (Hydrochlorothiazide + Codeine); (Codeine + Amitriptyline). In addition, a major drug interaction category (n=28; 25%) was found in the administration of drug combinations (simvastatin and amlodipine) causing liver damage; (Alprazolam + Codeine); (Diazepam + Codeine); (Codeine + Gabapentin) each of these three drug interactions can cause CNS depression, (Furosemide + Gentamicin) causes additive nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Conclusion: Moderate-category interactions were the most common (amlodipine and bisoprolol). These drug interactions included pharmacodynamic interactions, and the combination of these drugs could cause clinical risks (hypotension, bradycardia). These findings indicate the need for pharmacists to perform clinical pharmacy services related to prescription review and drug therapy monitoring for patients receiving more than two drugs, as well as providing information to patients on the appropriate timing and dosage of their medications to avoid moderate and major drug interactions in neurological patients in hospitals.

Analysis of the Quality of Coconut Milk Yogurt with the Addition of Sugar Palm Flour During Storage

2026-03-03T00:57:10-08:00

The addition of flour from kolang kaling in this research aims to act as a stabilizer and improve the quality of fermented drinks (yoghurt) made from coconut milk. This research aims to analyze the quality of coconut milk yogurt with the addition of kolang kaling flour by testing its physicochemical properties. Experimental research with coconut milk yogurt samples with the addition of 1% kolang kaling flour and without the addition was stored at 4⁰C for 14 days and analyzed for pH, viscosity and total LAB, as well as testing the research samples for water content using the distillation method (thermovolumetric), protein using the method Kjeldahl, fat using Soxhlet extraction, carbohydrate (starch) content testing using the UV Visible spectrophotometric method, and total acid using the titration and organoleptic method with 9 hedonic scales. Research shows that the results of adding palm fruit flour have an effect on the analysis parameters and are in accordance with SNI, namely pH reaches 5-3.94, carbohydrates decrease during H14 fermentation by 20.1%, protein reaches 6.5%, fat around 3%, water content is very low, namely 49%, The viscosity is very low, namely 2.8cP, the acid number is sufficient according to SNI in H14, namely 2%, %, as well as the hedonic results during storage which show statistical test results which are significantly different (P<0.05) on day 7 and day 14. The research can be concluded based on physicochemical analysis and conformity with SNI that the quality of coconut milk yogurt with the addition of kolang kaling flour during storage is good and in accordance with food standards.

Hepatoprotective Test of N-Hexane Fraction of Jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) Stem Bark on Ast, Alt, and Albumin Levels

2026-02-03T22:36:42-08:00

The liver plays an important role in the metabolism and detoxification of harmful substances in the body. One of the drugs that can cause liver damage if used excessively is paracetamol. Liver damage due to paracetamol is characterized by an increase in the levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) enzymes as well as a decrease in albumin levels in the blood. The bark of the jamblang tree (Syzygium cumini) contains flavonoid compounds, tannins, and triterpenoids that have antioxidant properties and may possess hepatoprotective effects. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the n-hexane fraction of jamblang bark on liver function parameters in male Wistar strain white rats induced with paracetamol, and to determine the most effective dose. This study involved 20 rats divided into five treatment groups: negative control (paracetamol 1000 mg/KgBB), positive control (silymarin 50 mg/KgBB), and three test groups that were given n-hexane fraction at graded doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/KgBB). The treatment was given for 21 days, while paracetamol was administered from day 15 to day 21. The results showed that the levels of AST and ALT were significantly affected by the n-hexane fraction of jamblang bark at a dose of 50 mg/KgBB with p < 0.0001 for AST and p = 0.0002 for ALT. Meanwhile, albumin levels were significantly affected at a dose of 200 mg/KgBB with p = 0.0411. From the results, it can be concluded that the n-hexane fraction of jamblang bark has the potential as a hepatoprotective agent, especially at a dose of 50 mg/KgBW.

Determination of Retinoic Acid Content in Anti-Acne Creams in Blora Regency Using UV Spectrophotometry

2026-02-04T09:13:14-08:00

Acne is a skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving the sebaceous glands and excessive bacterial colonization. Management of acne generally requires external treatment, focusing on maintaining facial hygiene using facial cleansers supported by the use of anti-acne products. Anti-acne creams are cosmetic products formulated with active ingredients that help prevent and treat acne. One of the active ingredients commonly used in such products to improve acne-prone skin conditions is retinoic acid. Based on BPOM RI 2007, that use of retinoic acid requires a doctor’s prescription. The purpose of this study to identify the levels of retinoic acid in anti-acne cream product circulating in the Blora regency area. Qualitative testing using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method obtained 1 sample out of 5 containing retinoic acid. Based on the calculating of validation parameters, the equation Y = 0.1488x – 0.0026 with a correlation coefficient (r)of 0.993, exLOD 0.554 ppm, LOQ 1.681 ppm, %RSD 1.8895% and %Recovery 83.823 – 109.503%. The calculating of the levels in sample that positive for containing retinoic acid, sample E obtained at 0.103036%, which exceeds the limit established in the National Formulary.

Association Between Patient Characteristics and Medication Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients Assessed by the MMAS-8 Scale

2026-02-04T20:41:58-08:00

Background: Hypertension is classified as a non-communicable disease with a relatively high prevalence and poses a significant risk of various complications if not properly managed or controlled. Medication adherence plays a crucial role in determining the success of antihypertensive therapy. Objective:This study aimed to analyze the level of medication adherence among hypertensive patients at Pidie Jaya General Hospital using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) instrument. Methods:This research employed a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach involving 98 hypertensive patients selected using the Slovin formula. Data were collected using the MMAS-8 questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results:The findings showed that medication adherence among respondents was categorized as adherent (26.5%), moderately adherent (58.2%), and non-adherent (15.3%). There were no significant associations between adherence and sex, age, education, occupation, duration of treatment, number of medications, or family support (p > 0.05). However, a significant relationship was found between medication adherence and the distance from the patient's residence to the healthcare facility (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Distance to treatment affects the level of compliance of hypertensive patients with medication. Therefore, strategies are needed to improve access to healthcare services, including optimizing clinical pharmacy services to monitor patient compliance.

Comparative Study of Maceration and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) on the Yield of Kalangkala (Litsea angulata) Leaf Extract

2026-02-05T20:46:21-08:00

Kalangkala (Litsea angulata) is an endemic plant of Kalimantan that has long been used in local traditional medicine to manage various health conditions. Phytochemical reports indicate that Kalangkala contains diverse secondary metabolites, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and carotenoids. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction method is essential to maximize metabolite recovery while minimizing degradation. This experimental study compared the extraction yield of Kalangkala leaf extract obtained using maceration and ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) methods. Each method was performed in three replicates and the percentage yield was calculated. Maceration produced yields of 2.10-2.18%, whereas ASE produced higher yields of 13.25-14.01%. the mean yield of maceration was 2.14 ± 0.04% (95% Cl: 2.04-2.24), while ASE achieved 13.64 ± 0.38% (95%Cl: 12.69-14.58). A two-tailed Welch’s t-test confirmed a statistically significant difference between methods (p = 0.00032), with a mean difference of 11.49% (95% Cl: 10.56-12.42). In conclusion, ASE provided a higher extraction yield than maceration under the conditions evaluated in this study.

Potention Antimicrobial of Infusa Extract from Pedada Leave (Sonneratia caseolaris L) Mandeh, West Sumatera

2026-02-11T22:04:39-08:00

The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a serious global health threat, highlighting the need for alternative antimicrobial sources derived from natural products. Pedada mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris L.), widely distributed in the coastal area of Mandeh, West Sumatra, has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of leaf infusion extracts of Sonneratia caseolaris and to determine the effect of heating time variation on antimicrobial activity. Leaf infusion extracts were prepared using boiling water with heating durations of 10, 15, and 30 minutes. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that all infusion extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity with varying inhibition levels. The optimal heating time was 10 minutes, resulting in inhibition zone diameters of 10.5 mm against E. coli, 10 mm against S. aureus, and 10 mm against C. albicans. These findings indicate that Sonneratia caseolaris leaf infusion extract has potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, with shorter heating time being more effective in preserving antimicrobial activity.

Herbal Tea of Kelakai Leaves (Stenochlaena palustris) as a Potential Phytoestrogen for Breast Milk Production: Inspired by the Local Wisdom of the Suku Anak Dalam, Jambi

2026-02-13T05:29:10-08:00

This study was conducted in response to the problem of low breast milk production among some breastfeeding mothers, which may adversely affect infant growth and development. One approach to enhancing breast milk production is the utilization of natural substances containing phytoestrogens. Kelakai leaves (Stenochlaena palustris) are a plant traditionally used by the Suku Anak Dalam community as part of local wisdom to support maternal health during the postpartum period. This study aimed to develop kelakai leaf herbal tea as a natural source of phytoestrogens with potential to support increased breast milk production. The research employed a quasi-experimental design using a one-group pre-test and post-test with control group approach, complemented by laboratory analyses including identification of active compounds, simplicia processing, herbal tea formulation, phytochemical screening, and phytoestrogen content analysis. The results demonstrated that kelakai leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, and phytoestrogenic compounds that may contribute to the stimulation of prolactin and oxytocin secretion. Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of kelakai herbal tea administration on breast milk production among breastfeeding mothers. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that kelakai herbal tea has potential as an alternative herbal beverage derived from local wisdom that may support the success of exclusive breastfeeding programs.

Animal Fat-Commercial Based Solid Soap Quality Test and Identification Using FTIR

2026-02-15T10:12:39-08:00

Background: Solid soap is produced by saponification of fatty acids with strong bases, and its quality is influenced by the type of fat used. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of solid soap made from beef tallow and lard and to identify compound profiles using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Method: The methods include dry-rendering fat extraction, solid soap formulation, and soap quality tests (organoleptic properties, pH, moisture content, and foam height). FTIR analysis was conducted to compare the absorption spectra of each soap. Results: The results showed that soaps derived from both fat sources met all quality requirements specified in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). FTIR analysis revealed generally similar spectral patterns; the lard solid soap exhibited a characteristic absorption band at approximately 3009 cm⁻¹, corresponding to =C-H stretching vibrations of unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, this band was not detected in the solid soap made from beef tallow. In addition, the CH₂ rocking vibration around 720 cm⁻¹ was more pronounced in the beef tallow solid soap, indicating a higher proportion of long-chain saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: FTIR effectively identifies fat types and can be used in raw material authentication, especially in product halalness.

Formulation of Aromatherapy Wind Oil Using a Combination of Chamomile Oil (Matricaria recutita) and Rose Oil (Rosa alba)

2026-02-15T11:05:35-08:00

Aromatherapy is a form of complementary therapy that utilizes plant-derived essential oils to support physical and mental health. Chamomile essential oil (Matricaria recutita) possesses a characteristic calming aroma and has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and sedative effects. Rose essential oil (Rosa alba) is also known for its antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, as well as its potential to reduce blood pressure and alleviate sleep disorders, migraines, and stress. This study aims to determine the optimal composition of chamomile and rose essential oils in an aromatherapy medicated oil formulation based on its physical characteristics. The formulation employed olive oil and red palm oil as carrier bases due to their high antioxidant content, particularly vitamin E and carotenoids. Optimization was conducted using a Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) approach with eight combination formulations. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, specific gravity, and displaced volume. The results demonstrated that the combination of chamomile and rose essential oils significantly influenced the physical characteristics of the formulation. Based on the optimization of physical parameters (pH, specific gravity, and displaced volume) the optimal formulation was obtained with a composition of 1.5% chamomile essential oil and 1.5% rose essential oil. This formulation exhibited acceptable physical characteristics.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Mobe Leaves (Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham.) on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Rat Liver Histopathology

2026-02-16T23:03:34-08:00

Background: Liver injury due to exposure to hepatotoxic chemicals remains a major problem in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is a classic hepatotoxic agent that induces oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and hepatocyte necrosis through free radical formation. Mobe leaves (Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham.) contain bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolics, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with potential hepatoprotective effects. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of mobe leaves (EEML) on the liver histopathology of rats induced with carbon tetrachloride. Methods: This experimental study used a post-test only control group design. Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: negative control (CMC-Na 1% + CCl₄), positive control (silymarin 100 mg/kgBW + CCl₄), and three treatment groups receiving EEML at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW + CCl₄. Hepatotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ (1 mL/kgBW) twice weekly for 14 days. Liver tissue was processed for hematoxylin-eosin staining, and histopathological changes (hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration) were assessed semi-quantitatively using a scoring system (0-3). Results: CCl₄ induction caused severe liver damage in the negative control group, characterized by diffuse hydropic degeneration, extensive necrosis, and marked inflammatory infiltration (score 3 for all parameters). EEML administration significantly reduced liver injury in a dose-dependent manner. The 200 mg/kgBW dose showed the most pronounced hepatoprotective effect, with degeneration score 2, necrosis score 1, and inflammation score 2, approaching the protective effect of silymarin (score 1 for all parameters). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of mobe leaves demonstrated hepatoprotective activity against CCl₄-induced liver damage in rats, with the optimal effect at 200 mg/kgBW. These findings support the potential of mobe leaves as a natural hepatoprotective agent.

Effect of IAA and BAP Application on Vegetative Growth of Timun Suri (Cucumis melo L.) Cultivated in an Aeroponic System

2026-02-20T22:25:01-08:00

Suri cucumber (Cucumis melo L.) is a local horticultural commodity with high economic value; however, its productivity remains relatively low due to the use of conventional cultivation systems. This study aims to determine the effect of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) application and their interaction on the vegetative growth of Suri cucumber cultivated in a vertical aeroponic system. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was employed: IAA concentration (0, 50, and 100 ppm) and BAP concentration (0, 25, and 50 ppm), each with three replications. The observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and root length. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of IAA and BAP significantly affected several vegetative growth parameters of Suri cucumber, particularly plant height. The interaction between IAA and BAP exhibited a synergistic response in enhancing vegetative growth in the aeroponic system. It can be concluded that the combination of IAA and BAP in a vertical aeroponic system has the potential to serve as an effective and sustainable alternative cultivation technology to increase Suri cucumber productivity.

Forecasting Chronic Drug Demand Based on BPJS Kesehatan Claims Data Using the ARIMA Model in Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2026-02-21T19:23:28-08:00

Chronic diseases require continuous pharmacotherapy and generate sustained demand for essential medicines, particularly within universal health coverage systems. In Indonesia, pharmaceutical utilization under the National Health Insurance program is documented through administrative claims data, which provide an important basis for demand analysis and planning. This study aims to forecast chronic drug demand in Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, using health insurance claims data and a time-series forecasting approach. A retrospective analysis was conducted using weekly aggregated claims data. Drug utilization patterns were examined, and demand forecasting was performed using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model following standard time-series procedures. Forecast accuracy was assessed by comparing predicted values with observed utilization. The results indicate that the model effectively captures weekly demand patterns and short-term fluctuations, producing forecasts that closely align with actual utilization trends. These findings demonstrate that time-series forecasting based on claims data can provide reliable estimates of chronic drug demand. The study highlights the potential value of integrating forecasting models into pharmaceutical inventory planning to support timely drug availability and improve logistics efficiency within regional health insurance implementation.

Analysis of Alkaloid Content in Extract and Fractions of Trembesi Seeds (Samanea saman Merr.) Based on Solvent Polarity Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

2026-02-23T01:36:18-08:00

Samanea saman (Merr.) seeds are plant parts that have not been extensively studied, despite their potential as a source of bioactive compounds, particularly alkaloids. Alkaloid compounds are known to possess various pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and analgesic effects, making them promising candidates for the development of natural medicines. This study aimed to analyze the alkaloid content in the extract and fractions of S. saman seeds using solvents with different polarity levels,namely n-hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar), and distilled water (polar). Extraction was carried out using the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method, while quantitative analysis of alkaloid content was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with caffeine as the standard solution. Qualitative testing showed that the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were positive for alkaloids. Quantitative analysis of the extract revealed that S. saman seed extract contained alkaloids at a concentration of 142.59 mgCE/g extract. Further analysis of the fractions indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest alkaloid content 77.34 mgCE/g fraction, compared to the aqueous fraction 24.65 mgCE/g fraction and the n-hexane fraction 45.7 mgCE/g fraction. These findings suggest that semi-polar solvents are the most effective for extracting alkaloid compounds from S. saman seeds, thereby highlighting their potential for further development as raw materials for phytopharmaceuticals or natural-based herbal preparations.

Antidiabetic Activity of Noni (Morinda Citrifolia L.) Fruit Infusion in Alloxan-Induced Male Mice

2026-02-24T01:08:18-08:00

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is traditionally consumed for diabetes, yet in vivo evidence for water-based infusion remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of a standardized noni fruit infusion in alloxan-induced male mice. Dried fruit simplicia were quality-controlled according to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Mice were induced with alloxan (140 mg/kg, i.p.) and randomized (n=5/group) to vehicle (0.5% Na-CMC), metformin (1.3 mg/20 g BW), or noni infusion at low (103), normal (123), or high (144 mg/20 g BW) for 21 days in two divided doses per day. Fasting blood glucose was measured at baseline, day 0, and days 7, 14, and 21. Paired t-tests assessed within-group changes, while between-group comparisons used one-way ANOVA with Levene’s test (Tukey HSD) and Welch ANOVA as sensitivity analysis. Phytochemical screening indicated alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. All groups showed significant reductions from day 0 to day 21 (p<0.05). From day 0 to day 14, the normal-dose infusion decreased glucose by 45.7% (172.8 to 93.8 mg/dL), compared with 33.3% for metformin (134.0 to 89.4 mg/dL). By day 21, reductions were 48.3–49.6% in the normal/high-dose infusion groups and 36.4% with metformin. Between-group differences were evident at days 7 and 14 but not at day 21 (p>0.05). Standardized noni infusion exhibits antihyperglycemic activity in the alloxan model; confirmation of mechanisms, additional metabolic endpoints, and subchronic safety evaluation are required before clinical relevance can be inferred.

Formulation of a Cream Containing Robusta Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea canephora L.) and Its Challenge in Inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus: A Study for Diabetic Wound Therapy Potential

2026-02-24T07:53:06-08:00

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that can cause wounds that are difficult to heal and susceptible to bacterial infection, especially Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to formulate an antibacterial cream preparation containing robust coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora L.) and evaluate its activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was obtained through maceration with 96% ethanol with a crude yield of 30% and an extract yield of 14.05%. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Antibacterial testing of the extract showed inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 30% (7.73–8.44 mm) and 50% (8.52–13.16 mm). The extract was then formulated into creams with varying concentrations of 0%, 30%, and 50%. All formulations met the physical parameters, except for the cream that did not contain the extract, which showed a pH higher than the ideal range for topical application and showed a decrease in spreadability with increasing extract concentration. However, testing the antibacterial activity of the cream preparations using the disk diffusion method did not produce an inhibition zone in any of the formulations tested. The results of this study indicate that although Robusta coffee bean extract shows activity in vitro, it has not been successfully applied in cream formulations with the existing bases and testing methods. These findings highlight the major challenges in developing natural topical preparations, particularly regarding the selection of formulation bases and appropriate evaluation methods for semisolid preparations.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lemongrass Scented Gel with a Combination of Carrageenan, Xanthan Gum, and HPMC Bases

2026-02-24T10:46:55-08:00

Background: Unpleasant odors in bathroom areas are a common hygiene problem that requires practical and environmentally friendly solutions. Citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Randle) is known to contain active compounds with a distinctive aroma that has potential as a natural fragrance agent. However, an appropriate gel base is needed to maintain the stability and aroma retention of the preparation. Objective: This study aims to formulate and evaluate a bathroom fragrance gel from citronella oil with a combination of carrageenan, xanthan gum, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) bases and to determine the concentration of citronella oil that produces the preparation with the best physical stability and aroma retention. Methods: This research was an experimental laboratory study. Citronella oil was formulated into gel preparations with four concentration variations (2.5%; 5%; 7.5%; and 10%) using a combination of carrageenan, xanthan gum, and HPMC bases. Evaluation of the preparations included organoleptic test, syneresis, liquid evaporation, preference test (hedonic), and aroma retention test for 15 days of storage. Data were analyzed statistically with a 95% confidence level. Results: The results showed that all formulas produced gels with good organoleptic characteristics (cloudy white color, characteristic citronella aroma, and semi-solid texture). The formula with 10% citronella oil concentration (F4) showed the best results with the lowest syneresis value (0.62%), the lowest liquid evaporation percentage (21.69%), and the highest remaining gel weight (92.03%). The preference test showed that F4 had the highest average value (4.25) in the like category, and the best aroma retention with a score range of 4.19-4.70 until day 15. Conclusion: The combination of carrageenan, xanthan gum, and HPMC bases can produce physically stable bathroom fragrance gel preparations. The formula with 10% citronella oil concentration (F4) is the best formulation and has the most potential to be developed as a natural bathroom fragrance product.

Antioxidant Activity Test of Kelakai Leaf Kombucha (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.F) Bedd) Using The DPPH Method

2026-02-25T21:39:50-08:00

Degenerative diseases are often caused by exposure to free radicals, and antioxidants play an important role in maintaining body stability by counteracting them. Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris), a typical plant of Kalimantan, contains bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids, making it a potential source of natural antioxidants. This study aims to determine the results of antioxidant activity tests on kelakai leaf kombucha. Kombucha was chosen because its antioxidant activity is influenced by the phenolic content formed during fermentation, potentially becoming an antioxidant-rich probiotic drink. The antioxidant activity test of kelakai leaf kombucha used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of determining the maximum absorption wavelength of 0.1 mM DPPH were at 515 nm with the highest absorption of 0.602. The antioxidant activity test using quercetin as a comparison resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 3.0892 ppm. This quercetin IC₅₀ value is included in the very strong category (<50 ppm). Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity test on kelakai leaf kombucha yielded an IC₅₀ value of 0.5845 ppm. This value also indicates that kelakai leaf kombucha has very strong antioxidant activity. Increasing sample concentration is directly proportional to the increase in antioxidant activity, as indicated by a decrease in the absorption value. Therefore, the development of kelakai leaf kombucha and testing its antioxidant activity are expected to produce innovative functional food products.

Phytochemical Study of Active Compounds in the Stem Extract of Nelambo suon (Rubiaceae)

2026-02-27T20:03:18-08:00

Background: Papua has high biodiversity with significant potential as a source of traditional medicinal plants, including Nelambo suon (Rubiaceae), which has been empirically used by local communities. However, scientific information regarding the active compounds in its stem bark remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolite groups present in the ethanol extract of Nelambo suon stem bark through phytochemical screening. Methods: The research was conducted experimentally using the maceration method with 80% ethanol as the solvent. The stem bark simplicia was extracted and qualitatively screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins using specific reagents. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of Nelambo suon stem bark contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, indicated by characteristic color changes, precipitate formation, and foam production. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Nelambo suon stem bark is a potential source of bioactive compounds and may be further developed as a herbal medicinal material based on local wisdom.

Effect of Kecombrang Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack)) Extract on the Gastric Histopathological Profile of Streptozotocin-Induced Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2026-02-28T13:03:06-08:00

Background: Hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin (STZ) increases oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that may lead to gastric mucosal damage. Kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack)) contains flavonoids and other secondary metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic properties that are potentially gastroprotective. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of kecombrang flower on the histopathological profile of the stomach in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by streptozotocin and to determine the most effective dose. Methods: This experimental in vivo study employed a posttest-only control group design. Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups (n=5): normal control, negative control (STZ-induced), positive control (STZ + glibenclamide), extract 50 mg/kg body weight (BW), and extract 100 mg/kg BW. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg BW. Gastric tissues were examined histopathologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining and assessed based on degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation scoring. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis followed by Mann–Whitney test with Bonferroni correction (p<0.05). Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in the extract. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among groups in degeneration (p=0.013) and inflammation (p=0.047), but not in necrosis (p=1.000). The 100 mg/kg BW dose demonstrated the most prominent protective effect, with lower degeneration and inflammation scores and an average gastric damage score of 1, comparable to the positive control group. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of kecombrang flower at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW effectively reduced gastric histopathological damage in streptozotocin-induced male rats, indicating its potential gastroprotective activity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

The Correlation Between The Quality of Pharmaceutical Services and Outpatient Satisfaction at Bhayangkara Level III Hospital, Banjarmasin

2026-03-01T00:50:58-08:00

Background: The quality of pharmaceutical services is a crucial factor in the success of treatment and patient satisfaction. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the quality of pharmaceutical services and the satisfaction of outpatients at RS Bhayangkara TK. III Banjarmasin. Methods: This study employs a descriptive quantitative method with a survey approach, where data is collected through questionnaires distributed to patients receiving services at the hospital’s pharmacy department. Results: The results indicate a significant relationship between the quality of pharmaceutical services and patient satisfaction (p–value = 0,000 ≤ 0,05) analyzed through five dimensions of service quality: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The Chi-Square test analysis showed that all these dimensions positively contribute to patient satisfaction. Additionally, this study evaluated the waiting time for both compounded and non-compounded medications, revealing that the hospital’s pharmacy services comply with the time standards set by the Ministry of Health. Conclusions: This study confirms the significant relationship between the quality of pharmaceutical services and outpatient satisfaction at Bhayangkara level III Hospital. Higher service quality, greater outpatient satisfaction, highlighting the need for continuous improvement in pharmaceutical services.

Test of Total Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity of Active Fraction of Robusta Coffee Beans (Coffea canephora L.) for Diabetic Ulcers

2026-03-01T20:52:03-08:00

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease frequently accompanied by serious complications, including diabetic foot ulcers, which require comprehensive management and supportive therapies derived from natural sources. Robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora L.) contain various bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties that may support wound healing. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of active fractions of robusta coffee beans. An experimental laboratory design was applied, involving maceration using 96% ethanol followed by solvent fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Total flavonoid content was determined using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry with quercetin as the reference standard, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay with vitamin C as a comparator. The results showed an extraction yield of 14.33%, and phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic or tannin compounds, saponins, and triterpenoids. All fractions exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, with the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrating the highest activity, comparable to vitamin C, whereas the highest total flavonoid content was observed in the n-hexane fraction. In conclusion, robusta coffee beans possess strong potential as a natural antioxidant source and may be developed as a supportive alternative therapy for diabetic wound management.

Antifungal Effectiveness of a Combination of Bajakah (Uncaria acida) and Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) Extracts in Mice with Onychomycosis Infected by Trichophyton rubrum

2026-03-03T00:45:45-08:00

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail predominantly caused by Trichophyton rubrum and requires safer alternative therapies compared to synthetic antifungal agents. The combination of plant extracts may produce synergistic effects through interactions among bioactive compounds with complementary antifungal mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined extract of Bajakah root (Uncaria acida) and Bandotan leaf (Ageratum conyzoides) as a topical therapy in T. rubrum–induced Balb/c mice. The selection of this combination was based on the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins in both plants, which are theoretically associated with antifungal activity. Extracts were obtained by 96% ethanol maceration and formulated into ointments at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Clinical parameters observed included periungual swelling, lesion diameter, nail discoloration, and nail brittleness. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of major bioactive secondary metabolites in both extracts. The results demonstrated clinical improvement in all treatment groups, with the most pronounced effects observed at concentrations of 75–100%. Kruskal–Wallis analysis revealed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05) for all parameters, which were further confirmed by Dunn’s post hoc test. Overall, the combined extracts of U. acida and A. conyzoides effectively reduced the severity of T. rubrum–induced onychomycosis and show potential as a natural antifungal candidate derived from local plant resources.

Effect of Activated Carbon Decolorization on Color Intensity and Total Phenolic Content of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Leaf Extract

2026-03-03T19:18:16-08:00

Background: Okra leaves (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) are a potential natural source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and prospective applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. However, the dark green color of the extract, mainly due to chlorophyll pigments, may negatively affect the aesthetic quality of the final product. Decolorization using activated carbon is therefore required to improve visual appearance without reducing bioactive compounds. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of activated carbon decolorization on color intensity and total phenolic content of okra leaf extract. Methods: Okra leaf extract was prepared by maceration using 70% ethanol. Decolorization was performed using activated carbon at various concentrations (0.5–8%) and contact times (2–72 hours). Color intensity was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at 663.50 nm. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Activated carbon effectively reduced color intensity through adsorption mechanisms. Variation in activated carbon concentration did not significantly affect total phenolic content (p = 0.71), whereas contact time had a significant effect (p = 0.0014). The optimum condition was observed at 24 hours of contact time, showing reduced color intensity while maintaining phenolic content. No significant correlation was found between absorbance reduction and total phenolic content (ρ = 0.102; p = 0.555), indicating selective adsorption. Conclusion: Activated carbon decolorization effectively improves the visual appearance of okra leaf extract without significantly reducing its total phenolic content. The optimum contact time was 24 hours, suggesting its potential application in enhancing the quality of natural-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.

Formulation and Activity Test of Active Fraction Gel from Robusta Coffee Beans (Coffea Canephora L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus as a Treatment for Diabetic Ulcers

2026-03-07T00:34:20-08:00

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the health problems that deserves attention worldwide. Diabetes mellitus causes complications in various organs of the body. One of the complications of diabetes mellitus for sufferers is the appearance of diabetic wounds or gangrene and ulcers that cause susceptibility to bacterial infections. One of the bacteria that causes diabetic wounds is Staphylococcus aureus, which can be found on the skin surface as normal flora. Objective: This study aims to formulate the active fraction of robusta coffee beans (Coffea Canephora L.) into a gel preparation and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This experimental study involved the extraction of robusta coffee beans with 96% ethanol maceration, phytochemical screening, and fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water solvents. Furthermore, the fraction results were tested using the disk diffusion method to determine the active fraction in robusta coffee beans to be formulated into gel preparations with concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, and 50% and physical stability tests were conducted. Based on the results of the study, the water fraction and gel preparation of robusta coffee beans showed inhibition of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the greatest inhibition at a concentration of 50%. Therefore, the active fraction gel of robusta coffee beans has the potential as a treatment for diabetic wounds. Organoleptic testing of the gel showed a distinctive honey smell, brown color, and a slightly acidic pH of formula 1.

Pharmaceutical Services for Underdeveloped, Frontier, and Outermost (3T) Areas Related to HIV Disease Programs Based on the Integration of Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) Models: A Systematic Review

2026-01-23T03:41:12-08:00

Background: Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) has been proposed to improve HIV treatment continuity in remote areas; however, its success depends on the integration of systemic supports. Objective: This review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of community-based DSD models and the determinants of their success in underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost (3T) areas, particularly concerning supply chain resilience, quality assurance, and aligned governance and financing. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature repositories (2010–2025). Out of 1,520 records, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Community-based DSD models (ART groups, MMD) were effective in improving adherence, retention, and reducing visit burden. This success was strongly determined by: (1) ARV supply chain stability (minimal stock-out days, synchronization with MMD schedules); (2) quality assurance in storage–distribution (temperature control, FEFO); and (3) aligned governance and financing (pharmacist roles, community health worker incentives, last-mile funding). Qualitative findings identified service proximity, confidentiality, and logistical reliability as key facilitators. Conclusion: DSD is a systemic intervention whose effectiveness hinges on multidimensional readiness. Strengthening HIV pharmaceutical services in 3T areas requires an integrated approach that simultaneously builds supply resilience, service quality, and adaptive governance. This review proposes operational indicators and a phased implementation roadmap for contextual adaptation.

Literature Review: Comparative Investigation of Antioxidants in Herbal Medicinal Plants on Java Island Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and the DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) Method

2026-01-25T02:54:36-08:00

Due to environmental changes and pollution due to free radicals, interest in alternative medicine is increasing, especially on the island of Java. Natural health solutions are increasingly needed, which is what prompted this research. We measured the concentration of antioxidant compounds using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method and the free radical scavenging capacity of plant extracts using the DPPH method. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods with IC50 value determination, this article aims to investigate and compare potential herbal plants found on the island of Java. This research was carried out using a literature review method by considering inclusion and exclusion criteria with keywords such as antioxidants, herbal medicinal plants, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and DPPH method. The results showed that the plant species studied had different antioxidant activities. Some herbs have high levels of antioxidants, so they may be used as natural health supplements. Additionally, this study emphasizes how important it is to use accurate analytical methods to evaluate antioxidant content. To provide a comprehensive picture of the antioxidant potential of each plant, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and DPPH methods work together. The results show that this study identified several herbal plants on the island of Java that have high levels of antioxidants. These plants can be used to develop herbal-based health products. To carry out a comparative evaluation of antioxidant content, the UV-Vis and DPPH spectrophotometric methods were proven to be effective. This discovery can be the basis for further research and development of more effective and useful herbal health products.

Drug Interactions in Geriatric Patients: An Evidence-Based Review of the Combination of Antihypertensives and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

2026-02-10T19:38:36-08:00

The number of elderly individuals continues to increase globally, accompanied by a high prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly hypertension and musculoskeletal disorders. This condition makes geriatric patients vulnerable to polypharmacy, which increases the risk of drug interactions, one of which is between antihypertensives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Such interactions can potentially reduce therapy effectiveness, cause electrolyte disturbances, and lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aims to comprehensively examine the interaction between antihypertensives and NSAIDs in geriatric patients and its impact on therapy safety. The method used is a literature review by selecting national and international articles published between 2015 and 2025, written in either Indonesian or English, specifically investigating interactions between antihypertensives (β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and CCBs) and NSAIDs. The review results indicate that most interactions are pharmacodynamic, involving either antagonism or negative synergism. NSAIDs can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy through mechanisms such as sodium retention, afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, and decreased renal perfusion. In certain combinations, such as the triple whammy phenomenon (NSAIDs, diuretics, and RAAS inhibitors), the risk of AKI and hyperkalemia increases significantly. This risk is higher in geriatric patients with decreased kidney function, comorbidities, and concurrent use of multiple drugs. In conclusion, the interaction between antihypertensives and NSAIDs in the elderly population is an important clinical issue. Therefore, close monitoring of kidney function and electrolytes, using the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration, and patient education to avoid self-medication are necessary to ensure therapy safety.

Butirat Supplementation and Epigenetic Modulation via Histon Deacetylase Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review with Perspectives for Indonesia

2026-02-17T02:27:43-08:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and epigenetic dysregulation. Emerging evidence indicates that butirat supplementation may improve metabolic homeostasis through histon deacetylase inhibition and modulation of gene expression involved in insulin signaling and inflammatory pathways. This review aims to evaluate preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of butirat as an epigenetic modulator in type 2 diabetes mellitus and to discuss its translational relevance, including perspectives for Indonesia. A structured literature search was conducted to identify original research articles published between 2015 and 2025. The selected studies demonstrate that butirat enhances insulin sensitivity, improves glycemic control, and attenuates inflammatory responses through increased histon acetylation. However, direct clinical evidence remains limited. In Indonesia, available data are largely derived from dietary or probiotic interventions that increase endogenous butirat production. Therefore, well designed controlled clinical trials are required to evaluate the therapeutic potential of direct butirat supplementation in populations with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Biotechnological Advances in Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Global Developments and Their Applicability in Indonesia

2026-02-17T07:56:58-08:00

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health burden, and Indonesia is among the countries with the highest incidence and mortality rates. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB control; however, conventional diagnostic methods such as sputum smear microscopy, culture, chest radiography, and the tuberculin skin test continue to face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, turnaround time, and operational feasibility. This narrative review synthesizes global biotechnological developments in TB diagnostics and evaluates their potential applicability within the Indonesian healthcare system. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, applying Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) based inclusion and exclusion criteria. Key advances in molecular diagnostics include conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, automated nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) platforms such as GeneXpert, Xpert Ultra, and Truenat, as well as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Emerging innovations including CRISPR-based assays, biosensor platforms, microfluidic lab-on-chip devices, and nanotechnology-enhanced systems demonstrate improved sensitivity, portability, and testing speed, with potential for point-of-care implementation, although many require further field-based validation. No single diagnostic tool is universally optimal, as suitability depends on infrastructure availability, workforce capacity, and population needs. In Indonesia, persistent challenges include limited laboratory networks, high diagnostic costs, supply-chain constraints, and variability in human resource competence. Strengthening diagnostic systems, expanding decentralized testing, integrating digital health technologies, and supporting local production of diagnostic materials are critical to enable sustainable adoption and accelerate progress toward national TB elimination targets.

Tracing the Development, Current Status, and Future Prospects of DNA Testing in Human and Non-Human Forensic Applications: A Narrative Review

2026-02-19T20:13:40-08:00

DNA typing has become a cornerstone of modern forensic science, profoundly influencing criminal investigations, forensic human identification, and non-human forensic applications. Since its introduction in the mid-1980s, forensic DNA analysis has evolved from restriction fragment length polymorphism-based methods to polymerase chain reaction-based short tandem repeat profiling, and more recently to sequence-based approaches enabled by massively parallel sequencing, resulting in substantial improvements in analytical sensitivity, robustness, and discriminatory power. This narrative review aims to trace the historical development, examine the current state, and explore future directions of DNA typing in both human and non-human forensic contexts, with particular emphasis on empirical case studies from Asia. A narrative review methodology was employed through a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2026, sourced from major scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with studies selected based on forensic relevance, methodological rigor, and regional significance. The review highlights the extensive application of DNA typing in routine criminal casework, disaster victim identification, missing persons investigations, wildlife forensic genetics, food fraud detection, and biosecurity, and documents emerging technologies such as portable DNA systems and CRISPR-based detection. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain related to data interpretation, validation requirements, contamination control, ethical and legal governance, and uneven forensic capacity across regions. Overall, this review underscores the continuing evolution of forensic DNA typing and emphasizes the importance of standardized protocols, interdisciplinary collaboration, and region-specific validation to ensure the reliable and responsible application of DNA evidence in modern forensic science.

The Effect of Medication Adherence on HbA1c Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review Based on Adherence Measurement Methods

2026-02-21T04:27:26-08:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern in Asia, where rapid urbanization and lifestyle changes have contributed to a marked increase in disease prevalence. Poor medication adherence remains a major barrier to achieving optimal glycemic control, leading to an increased risk of complications and greater healthcare burden. This systematic review aimed to examine the relationship between medication adherence and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels among patients with T2DM, compare the strength of this association across different adherence measurement methods, and identify key factors influencing adherence and glycemic control in Asian populations. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Europe PMC, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for cross-sectional studies published between January 2015 and April 2025. Eligible studies included adult patients with T2DM who reported medication adherence (e.g., MMAS-8, pill counts) and HbA1c outcomes. Data were synthesized narratively, and study quality was assessed using standardized appraisal tools. Of the 584 records screened, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies demonstrated a significant inverse association between medication adherence and HbA1c levels, with stronger associations observed when objective or multidimensional adherence measures were used. Reported adherence levels varied substantially across studies, with the proportion of high adherence ranging from 3.7% to over 58%, depending on the measurement method. Mean HbA1c values ranged from 6.4% to 9.2%. Higher educational level, greater self-efficacy, and supportive healthcare environments were associated with better adherence. In contrast, psychological distress, regimen complexity, and comorbidities were linked to lower adherence and poorer glycemic control. Medication adherence is a critical determinant of glycemic control among patients with T2DM in Asia. The choice of adherence measurement method influences the observed association with HbA1c. Interventions should address psychosocial and clinical barriers and incorporate culturally adapted, multidimensional adherence assessment approaches.

Genetics and Pharmacogenomics for Athletic Performance: Current Trends and Future Pathways in ASEAN

2026-02-24T22:28:26-08:00

The integration of sport genomics and pharmacogenomics has become a central pillar of precision sports medicine, enabling individualized training, nutrition, and medication/supplement strategies for athletes. This structured narrative review synthesizes literature published between 2015 and 2025 from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with particular emphasis on implementation relevance in ASEAN, especially Indonesia. Findings are organized into three major themes: (1) genetic contributions to strength and endurance phenotypes, body composition, recovery, and injury susceptibility; (2) pharmacogenomic implications for drug selection, dose optimization, therapeutic safety, and potential exercise with drug interactions (e.g., NSAIDs, inhaled bronchodilators, caffeine, and creatine); and (3) ethical, privacy, equity, and gene-doping considerations. Athletic performance is inherently polygenic; variants in genes such as ACTN3, ACE, PPARGC1A, PPARA, and VEGF-A contribute to the power–endurance spectrum and vascular–metabolic adaptation, while pharmacogenes including CYP2C9, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, and ADRB2 may modulate therapeutic efficacy and adverse-effect risk. Moreover, physical activity itself may influence drug metabolism and pharmacodynamic responses, underscoring the limitations of one-size-fits-all protocols. Overall, genetic information should be positioned as a complementary decision-support layer rather than a deterministic predictor in sports medicine practice. Strengthening implementation in ASEAN requires larger, well-characterized athlete cohorts, standardized marker panels, longitudinal data integration, and robust ethical–regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and evidence-based genomic application.

Comparison of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Extract and Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on Immune Responses in Experimental Animals: A Literature Review

2026-02-25T08:32:49-08:00

The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body against various pathogenic agents; therefore, efforts to enhance immune function through natural approaches are essential. This study aims to systematically compare the immunomodulatory effects of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) based on a systematic literature review of preclinical experimental studies. Literature was systematically collected from two electronic databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2010 to 2025, using keywords related to Zingiber officinale var. rubrum, “red ginger”, Curcuma longa, “turmeric”, “immune”, “immunity”, “cytokine”, “immune response”, and “immunomodulatory effect”. Of the 260 articles identified, only 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed further. Based on reported immunological response patterns, red ginger predominantly influences innate immune parameters measurable during the early phase of immune activation, including increased macrophage phagocytic activity, enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ), and activation of natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast, turmeric demonstrates significant effects on adaptive immune parameters that are generally evaluated over longer intervention periods, mediated by curcumin through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and enhancement of regulatory T cell (Treg) function to maintain immunological homeostasis. Both red ginger and turmeric exhibit potential as natural immunomodulatory agents that support immune defense; however, their mechanisms and magnitude of effects differ. Red ginger tends to elicit more rapid immune responses, whereas turmeric exerts more sustained regulatory effects. In conclusion, the utilization of red ginger and turmeric may serve as preventive and therapeutic phytotherapeutic alternatives to enhance immune function. Nevertheless, as the available evidence is largely derived from animal experimental studies, further well-designed pharmacokinetic studies and controlled clinical trials are required to confirm efficacy, safety, and optimal formulations in humans.

Drug-Related Problems in Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Intervention

2026-03-03T10:14:22-08:00

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with increasing prevalence. Treatment for schizophrenia is chronic and often leads to Drug-Related Problems (DRPs), especially in hospitalized schizophrenia patients. This systematic review aims to map the prevalence and most common types of DRPs and evaluate the impact of clinical pharmacist involvement in addressing DRPs. A literature search was conducted across six electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Springer Nature) for publications published between January 2009 and December 2024. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, consisting of nine cross-sectional studies and two quasi-experimental studies, with a total of over 61,000 hospitalized schizophrenia patients. The prevalence of DRPs has been reported to range from 52.8% to 100%, depending on the study design and the DRP identification method. Studies using structured medication reviews reported a higher DRP burden, at 0.75–2.5 DRPs per patient. The most frequently identified types of DRPs include polypharmacy, drug interactions, inappropriate medication selection, and dosing problems (overdose and underdose). QTc prolongation was reported in 2.5–8.26% of patients. Clinical pharmacist involvement was reported in three studies, with physician acceptance of recommendations ranging from 49 to 50%. DRPs are a common problem in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia, and clinical pharmacist involvement has the potential to improve the rationality and safety of drug therapy.