Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Comparison of Phenolic and Antioxidant Contents in Tea Brewing and Kombucha Tea Variants by Visible Spectrophotometry

Dini Maghfirah , Ainil Fithri Pulungan , Ridwanto, Rafita Yuniarti — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

One of the most widely consumed aromatic beverages in the world is tea. Tea shoots are rich in polyphenolic compounds that function as antioxidants. Not many people know that tea can be fermented with a type of bacteria and yeast culture that can be consumed as a drink for health known as kombucha tea. The health benefits of consuming kombucha tea as anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, detoxification, increased immune response, treating stomach ulcers and lowering cholesterol levels as well as high blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity as well as the comparison of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in tea brewing variations with kombucha tea variations. The methods carried out include testing the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method on tea brewing variants and kombucha tea variants by visible spectrophotometry.mThe results of total phenolic content in black tea, green tea, and oolong tea were 24,480 mgGAE/g, 26,538 mgGAE/g, and 38,427 mgGAE/g, respectively, while kombucha black tea, green tea, and oolong tea were 39,264 mgGAE/g, 58,581 mgGAE/g, and 64,299 mgGAE/g, respectively. Brewed black tea, green tea, and oolong tea have antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 105,68 ppm in teh moderate category, 81,59 ppm in teh strong category, and 56,25 ppm in the strong category, respectively. In kombucha black tea, green tea, and oolong tea have antioxidant activity with IC50 values respectively 101,60 ppm with moderate category, 55,82 ppm with strong category, and 39,69 ppm with very strong category. While teh vitamin C comparator has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 3,22 ppm with a very strong category.

Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Bandotan Leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on Healing of Burn Wounds in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Diabetes Mellitus

Nur Afika, Muhammad Yunus , Erida Novriani — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Burn wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus experience impaired healing due to chronic hyperglycemia. This study aims to identify phytochemical compounds, analyze the characteristics of crude drugs, and test the activity of ethanol extracts of bandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on burn wound healing in rats (Rattus norvegicus) with diabetes mellitus, including histological evaluation of wound tissue. Screening results showed that the extract contains active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, quinones, and steroids. Herbal material characterization met standards for moisture and ash content but did not meet standards for water-soluble and ethanol-soluble extract content. The extract gel formulation was tested at three concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%). Efficacy tests showed that the 15% gel accelerated wound healing by 100% by day 15, with histological findings indicating increased numbers of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and capillary blood vessels. This study concludes that ethanol extract of bandotan leaves has potential as an effective wound healing agent, particularly in diabetic conditions.

Effectiveness Test of Acne Facial Wash Gel Containing Ethanol Extract of Jackfruit Leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Athaillah, Venni Pritiwanti, Putra Chandra, Ali Affan Silalahi — Wed, 16 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) contain antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which can damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and denature cellular proteins. This potential supports the development of a facial wash gel using jackfruit leaf extract as a natural antibacterial alternative. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a facial wash gel containing jackfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923. Methods: This experimental study included sample preparation, identification, extraction, phytochemical screening, and gel formulation evaluation (organoleptic test, homogeneity, spreadability, foam height, pH, irritation, and cycling test). Antibacterial activity was tested against S. aureus, with a positive control (Himalaya (Brand) Facial Wash) and a negative control (DMSO). Results: The extract yield was 11.26%, positively detecting flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The gel formulations (F1-F3) were semi-solid, dark green, and had a characteristic jackfruit leaf aroma, with a pH of 5–6. Homogeneity tests confirmed uniform consistency, with the highest foam height in F3 (3.7 cm) and optimal spreadability in F1-F2 (6 cm). No irritation was observed, and the gel remained stable in cycling tests. The antibacterial test showed the highest inhibition at 12% extract concentration (92.3%), while the formulated gel also effectively inhibited S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Jackfruit leaves can be successfully formulated into a stable and safe facial wash gel with effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Fractionated Alkaloid Extract from Raru Bark (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Shakhila Salwa, Anny Sartika Daulay , Yayuk Putri Rahayu , Ridwanto — Wed, 16 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre (raru bark), traditionally used to treat diarrhea, malaria, and diabetes. However, scientific validation of its alkaloid compounds and antibacterial potential is still limited. Objective: This study aimed to (1) fractionate alkaloids from raru bark extract using chloroform liquid-liquid extraction, (2) identify alkaloid functional groups via FT-IR spectroscopy, (3) quantify alkaloid levels in ethanol and methanol extracts using UV spectrophotometry, and (4) evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The research stages included plant material processing, ethanol/methanol extraction, phytochemical screening, alkaloid fractionation with chloroform, FT-IR analysis, UV spectrophotometry for alkaloid quantification, and antibacterial testing via disc diffusion at 40%, 50%, and 60% concentrations. Results: Alkaloid fractions were successfully isolated, containing functional groups N-H, C-N, C=O, aromatic C=C, and sharp C=O. The methanol extract yielded higher alkaloid levels (21.03 ± 0.10%) than ethanol (18.95 ± 0.09%). The 50% alkaloid fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 21.1 mm (E. coli) and 23.1 mm (S. aureus). Conclusion: Raru bark alkaloids exhibit significant antibacterial effects, with methanol extract demonstrating superior alkaloid content and efficacy.

Sunscreen Innovation: Development of a Water-Resistant Compact Powder Formula Based on Titanium Dioxide for Optimal UV Protection

Rahmat Muliadi, Vica Aspadiah, Muhammad Handoyo Sahumena, Nidya Aftira — Sun, 20 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation contributes to skin aging and damage, necessitating effective protection. Sunscreens offer a solution by absorbing, scattering, and reflecting UV radiation, especially those containing titanium dioxide, which has strong UV-blocking properties. Innovation in the form of compact powder sunscreen presents a practical and efficient daily protection approach due to its easy-to-apply formulation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics of compact powder sunscreen formulations, including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, hardness, and the effect of titanium dioxide on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. Methods: Formulations were prepared and evaluated through physical tests, including organoleptic assessment, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, and hardness, as well as SPF measurement using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: Titanium dioxide contributed to the light brown color, smooth texture, and vanilla scent of the formulations. It also enhanced the SPF value. The most optimal formulation was Formula 4, containing 25% titanium dioxide, which met the desired physical criteria and achieved an SPF value of 15.06, categorized as ultra protection. Conclusion: The addition of titanium dioxide positively affected the physical characteristics and SPF value of compact powder sunscreen. Formula 4, with 25% titanium dioxide, demonstrated the best results and the highest SPF, making it the most optimal formulation for UV protection

The Effect of Soaking Time and Grinding Temperature Variations on Soy Milk Protein Content

Nadiya Syafiah Mufida , Dedi Hanwar — Sun, 20 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Soy milk, an extract from soybeans, significantly contributes to human nutritional needs, particularly as a source of plant-based protein. The protein quality in soy milk is highly influenced by processing parameters, including soybean soaking duration and grinding temperature. This study aimed to determine the optimum combination of soaking time and grinding temperature to maximize soy milk's protein content. The effects of these two factors were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD). Experiments were conducted for 13 experimental combinations, replicated three times. Protein content was determined by the Lowry method, while pH measurements were also performed to monitor quality. Grinding temperatures ranged from 25°C to 80°C and soaking times varied from 6 to 12 hours, using Grobogan soybean variety as the main raw material. Other parameters such as soybean quantity, water volume, soaking temperature, and boiling and grinding times were set as controlled variables. Optimization results using Design-Expert software indicated that the optimum formulation was achieved at a grinding temperature of 61°C and a soaking time of 9 hours 46 minutes. Under these optimum conditions, the resulting soy milk exhibited a protein content of 3.1% (w/w) and a pH of 7.02, both meeting established soy milk quality standards.

Effect of ethanol extract of nutmeg pulp (Myristica fragrans Houtt) on heart histopathology hyperglycemic wistar rats

Sun, 20 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The heart is an organ significantly impacted by diabetes mellitus problems, as elevated free radical generation and oxidative stress from hyperglycemia activate the apoptosis and necrosis pathways in cardiac myocytes. This study aimed to ascertain the histological characteristics of the cardiac tissue in rats subjected to hyperglycemia following the administration of ethanol extract from nutmeg fruit flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt). This study employed rice as a diabetes inducer in 25 rats, categorized into 5 treatment groups: group 1 received Na-CMC, group 2 received metformin, group 3 received a dosage of 100 mg/KgBW, group 4 received a dosage of 200 mg/KgBW, and group 5 received a dosage of 300 mg/KgBW. The detected data included alterations in body weight, blood glucose levels, organ mass, and cardiac histology. The data were evaluated employing the One-Way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The findings indicated that all groups treated with nutmeg fruit flesh ethanol extract exhibited a substantial enhancement in the histopathology of rat hearts compared to the negative control group 0,03 (p<0.05). The administration of nutmeg fruit flesh extract can ameliorate histopathological damage to the hearts of hyperglycemic rats at doses of 100 mg/KgBW, 200 mg/KgBW, and 300 mg/KgBW, indicating that nutmeg fruit flesh may serve as a cardioprotective drug in diabetic subjects.

Folic Acid Supplementation in First-Trimester Pregnant Women for Preeclampsia Prevention: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Andi Maulana Kamri, Bayu Putra , Rachmat Kosman, Putri Septiani Basri — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Preeclampsia is a disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria that manifests during gestation. Various vitamins can influence food consumption during pregnancy. Folic acid supplementation is known to reduce preeclampsia risk, yet adherence remains low among pregnant women. The objective of the research is to identify risk variables and dosage efficacy associated with folic acid utilization. This study employs an retrospective cohort study and utilizes retrospective data collection. Data was gathered from Cahaya Ibu Pharmacy Store in Makassar, encompassing a total of 164 patients. A chi-square statistical study indicated a substantial risk association between pregnant women and the onset of hypertension in comparison to nonpregnant individuals, with a p-value of 0.001. Pregnant women had twice the risk, as shown by an odds ratio of 1.9. The study of Fisher's test data indicates a correlation between patient age and hypertension condition. The findings indicate no substantial correlation between the two variables, with a p-value of 0.523. The findings indicate a substantial correlation between the mitigation of raised blood pressure risk and the consumption of folic acid. The early use of folic acid during pregnancy planning significantly diminishes the likelihood of preeclampsia. Risk factors for preeclampsia include insufficient folic acid consumption, the duration of folic acid supplementation, and the pregnancy status of individuals with a disease risk of up to 98%. Less at age 30 years old, the consumption of folic acid may reduce the risk.

Formulation of Synbiotic Yogurt with Modified Purple Yam Starch Incorporation: Evaluation of Syneresis, Probiotic Bacterial Viability, and Organoleptic Acceptance

Sun, 27 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Yogurt quality improvement can be achieved through synbiotic formulations combining probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus) with prebiotics from modified purple yam starch (Dioscorea alata). This plant contains 7.54% inulin and has potential as a natural stabilizer, but its utilization in synbiotic yogurt remains suboptimal. This study aims to evaluate the effect of modified starch incorporation on probiotic viability, physical stability, and sensory acceptance. Objective: This research aimed to examine the capability of modified purple yam starch as a prebiotic source in synbiotic yogurt, focusing on its impact on syneresis, bacterial viability, and organoleptic properties. Methods: An experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments. The process included purple yam starch extraction, starch modification via autoclaving (110°C and 121°C), yogurt fermentation using three bacterial strains, and evaluation of pH, syneresis, Total Plate Count (TPC), and hedonic tests by 20 panelists. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: Yogurt formulations with modified yam starch yielded optimal pH (6.81 with L. rhamnosus) and highest syneresis (30.02%). Bacterial viability reached 431 × 10³ CFU/mL (10⁻² dilution) for L. rhamnosus. Organoleptic tests showed the highest scores for aroma (6.90 ± 0.31) and a significant correlation between taste-thickness (ρ=0.52; p<0.05). Color was consistent (score 6), while texture preference varied (scores 5-7). Conclusion: Modified purple yam starch effectively functions as a prebiotic and stabilizer in synbiotic yogurt, supporting probiotic viability and sensory acceptance. This formulation holds promise as a functional food product utilizing local ingredients.

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Traditional Herbal Medicine (Jamu Pegal Linu) Circulating in Banda Aceh City

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Jamu pegal linu (traditional Indonesian herbal medicine for muscle and joint pain) is widely consumed to relieve muscle and bone discomfort. However, there are concerns about heavy metal contamination, particularly lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), in some products circulating in Banda Aceh City. Such contamination poses serious health risks, including organ damage and poisoning, necessitating thorough analysis to ensure product safety. Objective: This study aimed to detect and measure Pb and Hg levels in jamu pegal linu samples sold on Diponegoro Street, Banda Aceh, and compare them with the safety limits set by the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM RI). Methods: A total of 23 samples were qualitatively analyzed using KI, NaOH, and HCl reagents (for Pb) and HNO₃ and KI (for Hg). Positive samples were further analyzed quantitatively using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Method validation included linearity, precision, accuracy, LoD, and LoQ assessments. Results: Qualitative testing revealed Pb and Hg contamination in 12 samples. Pb levels ranged from 1.45–9.17 mg/kg (below BPOM’s threshold of ≤10 mg/kg), while Hg levels ranged from 0.14–1.37 mg/kg, with six samples exceeding the safe limit (≤0.5 mg/kg). The highest Hg concentration (1.37 mg/kg) was found in an unregistered product. Conclusion: Most jamu pegal linu products in Banda Aceh contain heavy metals, particularly Hg, at unsafe levels. Strict regulatory oversight, especially for unregistered products, is crucial to safeguard public health.

The Relationship Between Education Level, Knowledge, and Spousal Support with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices Among Working Mothers at Sunggal Primary Clinic

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The low rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia (52.5% in 2021), particularly in North Sumatra (57.83%), remains a pressing public health issue, especially among working mothers. Educational level, knowledge, and husband support are strongly suspected to influence the success of exclusive breastfeeding, yet these factors have been underexplored in the context of primary clinics in urban areas such as Sunggal. Objective: To analyze the relationship between educational level, knowledge, and husband support with exclusive breastfeeding practices among working mothers at the Sunggal Primary Clinic.
Methods: This quantitative, cross-sectional study involved 30 working mothers selected through total sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires and interviews, then analyzed using Chi-Square tests and logistic regression to measure the strength of associations (OR). Results: Statistical analysis showed significant relationships between all three independent variables and exclusive breastfeeding practices (p<0.05). Husband support emerged as the most dominant factor with an odds ratio (OR) of 8.2 (95% CI: 2.1–32.4), followed by maternal knowledge (OR=5.6; 95% CI: 1.8–17.3) and educational level (OR=4.3; 95% CI: 1.5–12.4). Specifically, mothers who received strong support from their husbands were 8.2 times more likely to successfully provide exclusive breastfeeding compared to those who did not. Likewise, mothers with good knowledge were 5.6 times more likely to succeed, and highly educated mothers were 4.3 times more successful than those with limited knowledge and education. Multivariate analysis indicated interaction among these three factors, with husband support amplifying the positive effects of education and knowledge. Among respondents who possessed all three positive factors (higher education, good knowledge, and strong husband support), 86.7% successfully provided exclusive breastfeeding, while only 13.3% succeeded in the group lacking these factors. Conclusion: This study strengthens the evidence that family-based interventions focusing on enhancing the husband’s role, along with comprehensive education, can be an effective strategy to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates among working mothers. These findings highlight the need for clinic policies that integrate lactation counseling for couples.

Formulation Gel Ethyl Acetate Fraction Stem Jarak Cina (Jattropha multifida L.) Effectiveness in Burn Healing

Elpa Giovana Zola, Barmi Hartesi, Lia Anggresani — Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Burns represent a condition of damaged or lost skin tissue due to high-temperature exposure. Oral therapy has limitations in penetrating hardened skin tissue, necessitating topical preparations such as gels that offer advantages in comfort, absorption capability, and ease of application. The stem of physic nut (Jatropha multifida L.) contains bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins that may accelerate burn wound healing, particularly in its ethyl acetate fraction. Objective: This study aimed to formulate the ethyl acetate fraction of physic nut stem into a gel preparation and evaluate the effect of concentration variations on burn wound healing efficacy. Methods: Physic nut stems were extracted with 96% ethanol, then fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents. The ethyl acetate fraction was formulated into a hydrophilic gel at concentrations of 0.140%, 0.281%, and 0.421%. The gel preparations were evaluated through organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, stability, irritation, and burn healing efficacy tests in rabbits. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. All gel formulations met physical preparation requirements with skin-compatible pH (5.95-6.37). Formula F1 (0.140%) demonstrated optimal burn healing efficacy, equivalent to positive control (p > 0.05), and was topically safe (non-irritating). Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of physic nut stem was successfully formulated into a stable and effective gel preparation for burn wound healing, with 0.140% as the optimal concentration. Further studies are required to examine toxicity and the mechanism of action of active compounds.

Factors Related to Damage to Medical Record Files in Bandung Medan General Hospital

Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Damage to medical record documents represents a serious challenge in hospital archive management, characterized by torn, faded, discolored, or illegible documents due to intrinsic (material quality) and extrinsic (environmental) factors. A preliminary survey at Bandung Medan General Hospital identified 47 damaged documents in September 2024, indicating the need for systematic intervention. Objective: To analyze the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and damage to medical record files at Bandung Medan General Hospital. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analytical design with a sample of 92 documents (purposive sampling). Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate (Chi-Square test) methods. Results: The findings revealed that 51.1% of documents were damaged, with intrinsic factors (paper quality, ink, and adhesives) identified in 47 documents (51.1%) and extrinsic factors (physical, biological, and chemical environment) in 48 documents (52.2%). Statistical analysis demonstrated a highly significant association between intrinsic factors and document damage (p=0.000; OR=15.2), indicating documents with material quality issues had a 15 times higher risk of damage. Similarly, extrinsic factors showed a highly significant relationship (p=0.000; OR=12.8), with suboptimal storage conditions being the primary contributor. Environmental factors, particularly high humidity (78%) and dust accumulation (65%), were the most dominant causes of physical document damage. Conclusion: Medical record damage is influenced by both factors, with recommendations for storage system improvements, environmental control, and implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for risk mitigation. The study findings should serve as valuable input for enhancing medical record document storage to ensure better safety and preservation.

Effectiveness of Video and Leaflet Media in DAGUSIBU (Get, Use, Save, Discard) Education and Beyond Use Date: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Fenny Hasanah , Salmah Handayani Lubis, Eva Sartika Dasopang, Teti Aisyah — Sat, 02 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The increasing practice of self-medication and home drug storage carries the potential for medication management errors, including improper drug disposal. Lack of public understanding of DAGUSIBU (Acquire, Use, Store, Dispose) protocols and Beyond Use Date (BUD) may lead to drug misuse and environmental contamination due to improper disposal methods that violate the Drug Awareness Family Movement (Gerakan Keluarga Sadar Obat/GKSO) guidelines. Objective: To examine the impact of educational interventions on public knowledge of DAGUSIBU and BUD, and to compare the effectiveness of video versus leaflet media. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design was conducted. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 respondents from Kotamatsum I Subdistrict. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test (educational impact), Chi-Square test (demographic correlations), and Mann-Whitney test (media comparison). Results: The educational intervention significantly improved participants' knowledge of DAGUSIBU and BUD (p < 0.001). Gender significantly influenced knowledge improvement (p = 0.005), while age, education level, and occupation showed no significant effects. Video proved more effective for DAGUSIBU content (mean score 53.94 vs 47.06), whereas leaflets showed marginally better results for BUD material (50.56 vs 50.44).Conclusion: Both video and leaflet-based education effectively enhanced community knowledge. Videos are recommended for DAGUSIBU campaigns, while leaflets serve as suitable supplementary materials for BUD education.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Mouthwash Formulation from Ethanol Extract of Senduduk Leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) on the Growth of Streptococcus mutans

Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Dental caries is a common oral health problem caused by Streptococcus mutans. Antiseptic mouthwash containing natural ingredients like senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) shows potential as an alternative, as it contains antimicrobial compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins). Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of senduduk leaf ethanol extract mouthwash against S. mutans and evaluate its physical characteristics. Methods: This experimental study included: (1) ethanol extraction of senduduk leaves using 96% ethanol maceration, (2) simplicia characterization and phytochemical screening, (3) formulation of three mouthwash concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%), (4) preparation evaluation (organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity), and (5) antibacterial activity testing using the well diffusion method. Results: The mouthwash preparation met physical criteria as a light-to-dark brown liquid with pH 6.33-6.43 and viscosity of 4.833-5.726 cps. Antibacterial tests showed dose-dependent effects, with the highest inhibition zone in the 7.5% formula (18.53 mm; strong category). Conclusion: Senduduk leaf extract shows potential as an antibacterial active ingredient in herbal mouthwash against S. mutans in vitro, though further testing (in vivo/clinical trials) is needed to validate therapeutic claims.

The Relationship Between Environment, Health Workers, and Working Mothers' Parenting Patterns with Infant Growth and Development at Klinik Pratama Sunggal

Wed, 06 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Infant growth and development during the first 0-12 months represents a crucial phase with long-term impacts on quality of life. Environmental factors, working mothers' childcare practices, and healthcare providers' roles serve as key determinants influencing this process. The risk of developmental delays significantly increases for infants in less supportive environments or those receiving inadequate stimulation. Objective: To analyze the influence of environmental conditions, working mothers' childcare practices, and healthcare providers' roles on the growth and development of infants aged 0-12 months at Sunggal Primary Clinic. Methods: This observational analytical study employed a cross-sectional design involving 35 subjects selected through total sampling. Data collection utilized structured questionnaires and was analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between environmental conditions and child development (p=0.000, with 62.9% supportive environments), between healthcare providers' roles and development (p=0.000, with 60% adequate services), and between working mothers' childcare practices and development (p=0.000, with 57.1% optimal practices). Conclusion: All three variables significantly influence infant growth and development, indicating the need for an integrated approach to optimize these contributing factors.

The Determination of Nicotine Content in Gayo Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Using Acidimetric Titration and GC-MS Methods.

Deswita Ina Rezky, Supiyani, Anny Sartika Daulay, Minda Sari Lubis — Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Gayo tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is known for its distinctive quality and is highly sought after, particularly among young adults. This tobacco contains nicotine, a compound that plays a significant role in influencing human behavior, acting both as a stimulant and as a raw material for cigarette production. Understanding the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco is crucial for assessing its potential industrial applications and its impact on health. Objective: This study aimed to determine the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco leaves and analyze it using acidimetric titration and GC-MS methods to obtain more accurate results. Methods: This research employed two analytical methods: acidimetric titration for quantitative nicotine determination and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for qualitative analysis of other chemical compounds in the Gayo tobacco leaf extract. The tobacco leaf samples were obtained from the Gayo region of Aceh and extracted using 96% ethanol. Results: The study revealed that the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco leaves was 1,3% based on acidimetric titration, while the ethanol extract showed a higher nicotine concentration of 2.5%. GC-MS analysis identified various other compounds, including piperidine derivatives, terpenoids, and aromatic compounds, which have potential pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Conclusion: This study successfully determined the nicotine content in Gayo tobacco leaves using acidimetric titration and GC-MS. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical composition of Gayo tobacco, serving as a foundation for further research into its applications in pharmaceuticals and other industries.

Exploration of the Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Betadine Leaves (Jatropha multifida L.) against the Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

Arfiandi, Neri Fadjria , Dewi Nofita, Mutia Rahmadini — Mon, 11 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Antibiotic resistance has spurred the exploration of novel antibacterial agents, including endophytic bacteria from medicinal plants like Jatropha multifida L. (Betadine leaves), traditionally used as antiseptics. Objective: To assess the antibacterial activity of endophytic bacterial isolates from Betadine leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: A laboratory-based experimental study employing the paper disc diffusion method. Endophytic isolates were cultured in Nutrient Broth, and centrifuged supernatants were tested for inhibition zones compared to positive (chloramphenicol) and negative (Na.CMC) controls. Results: The endophytic isolate produced a 16.11 mm inhibition zone (moderate activity), while chloramphenicol showed 27.63 mm (strong activity). No inhibition was observed in the negative control. Conclusion: Endophytic bacteria from Betadine leaves exhibit potential as natural antibacterial agents, though their efficacy is lower than standard antibiotics. Further development requires active compound characterization and toxicity studies.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Ethanol Extract and Nanoparticles Against Candida albicans

Wed, 13 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida albicans, are a significant health problem in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Humid environmental conditions, inadequate sanitation, high population density, and low socioeconomic levels contribute to the high prevalence of fungal infections. Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain bioactive compounds with antifungal potential; however, their effectiveness can be enhanced through nanoparticle formulation. Objective: This study aimed to formulate nanoparticles of ethanol extract from papaya leaves and evaluate their antifungal activity against Candida albicans by comparing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values between the conventional extract and the nanoparticle extract. Methods: This experimental study utilized ethanol extract of papaya leaves and its nanoparticle formulation at varying concentrations. Particle size was characterized using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 using broth and agar dilution methods as well as the disk diffusion method. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The nanoparticle extract exhibited a smaller particle size (330.27 nm) compared to the conventional extract (2203.45 nm). The MIC of the nanoparticle extract (1.25%) was lower than that of the conventional extract (12.5%), while the MFC of the nanoparticle extract (5%) was equivalent to that of the conventional extract (50%). The disk diffusion test showed that the 5% nanoparticle extract had an inhibition zone of 21.6 mm, classified as sensitive and comparable to the 50% conventional extract. Conclusion: The nanoparticle formulation of papaya leaf extract enhanced antifungal efficacy, enabling a tenfold dose reduction compared to the conventional extract. These findings highlight the potential of nanoparticles as a more efficient alternative therapy for fungal infections.

Nephroprotective Effect of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Ethanol Extract on the Histopathological Features of Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Kidneys Induced by Ethylene Glycol

Bella Anselia, Asyrun Alkhairi Lubis , Novitaria Br Sembiring — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The kidney is a vital organ susceptible to damage from exposure to nephrotoxic compounds such as ethylene glycol. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is known to contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential that may protect the kidney from injury. However, its effectiveness as a nephroprotective agent needs to be scientifically validated. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of ethanol extract of red ginger against ethylene glycol–induced kidney damage in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), Wistar strain. Methods: An experimental study using a post-test only control group design was conducted to minimize bias by ensuring equivalent baseline conditions among groups. A total of 25 rats were divided into five groups: normal control (distilled water), negative control (0.75% ethylene glycol), and three treatment groups (ethylene glycol + red ginger extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW/day). Parameters measured included serum creatinine levels and kidney histopathology. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) followed by LSD post hoc test. Results: Red ginger extract significantly reduced serum creatinine levels (p < 0.05), with the greatest reduction observed at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW (0.528 ± 0.082 mg/dL). Histopathological improvement of the kidney was also evident, indicated by decreased necrosis, cellular degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The kidney damage score in the treatment groups (score 1) was lower than in the negative control group (score 2). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of red ginger exhibits a nephroprotective effect against ethylene glycol–induced kidney injury, with the optimal dose being 300 mg/kgBW/day. These findings support the potential of red ginger as an alternative therapy for kidney disorders, although further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and conduct clinical trials.

Formulation, Sensory Evaluation, and Nutritional Composition of Mineral-Enriched Banana and Corn Flour-Based Food Bar as an Emergency Food Alternative

Rantika Yesi Ameliyah, Radella Hervidea, Hidayatusy Syukrina Puteri — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: As a disaster-prone country, Indonesia requires emergency food that meets the nutritional needs of disaster victims. This study develops a food bar based on local ingredients of kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca) and corn flour as a mineral-rich emergency food alternative. Objective: The research aims to analyze the optimal formulation, sensory evaluation, and nutritional composition of banana and corn flour-based food bars as emergency food products. Methods: This experimental study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three different formulations: F1 (80% banana + 20% corn flour), F2 (70% banana + 30% corn flour), and F3 (20% banana + 80% corn flour). Sensory testing involved 25 panelists evaluating color, aroma, taste, and texture. Data analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's test, while nutritional composition was analyzed through proximate analysis and potassium testing using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in color, taste, and texture parameters, but not in aroma (p>0.05). Formulation F1 received the highest scores for taste (3.52) and texture (2.88). Proximate analysis revealed F1 had the highest water content (6.50%) and crude fiber (4.51%), while F3 had the highest carbohydrate content (72.62%). The potassium content of F1 reached 7.13 mg/g, meeting 10-11% of the daily RDI per 50g food bar. Conclusion: Formulation F1 (80% banana + 20% corn flour) is the best choice as emergency food due to its good sensory acceptance and complete nutritional content, particularly its potassium content which is crucial for emergency conditions.

Factors Associated with Mothers’ Participation in Choosing Female Sterilization (Tubectomy) as a Contraceptive Method in Pintusona Village, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency

Sun, 17 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The continuous increase in population growth is a serious concern, including in Indonesia. Samosir Regency has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 3.2, higher than the provincial average (2.7), necessitating population control efforts through the use of Long-Term Contraceptive Methods (LTCM), including Female Sterilization (Tubectomy). However, mothers' participation in choosing tubectomy in Pintusona Village remains low (34.8%), influenced by factors such as knowledge, husband's support, and cultural perceptions. Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors associated with mothers' participation in choosing tubectomy as a contraceptive method in Pintusona Village, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 70 women of reproductive age who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square test), and multivariate (logistic regression) methods.Results: Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between husband's support (p=0.003), healthcare workers' support (p=0.048), income level (p=0.000), maternal knowledge (p=0.035), and maternal attitude (p=0.024) with the selection of tubectomy. Multivariate analysis identified husband's support as the most dominant factor (OR=4.898), followed by income level. Conclusion: Husband's support and family income level are key factors influencing mothers' participation in choosing tubectomy. Family planning programs should involve husbands in education and improve access to information about tubectomy to increase its acceptance.

Antifungal Activity of Chitosan from Bamboo Shells (Solen corneus) in the Production of Hydrogel Against Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Nabila Hasim Hasibuan, Ridwanto, Haris Munandar Nasution , Zulmai Rani — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Hydrogels are topical preparations applied to the skin surface. Chitosan, a compound derived from the deacetylation of chitin, has various benefits, including antifungal activity. Utilizing waste from bamboo clam shells (Solen courneus) collected in Belawan waters as a source of chitosan could provide a sustainable solution for developing antifungal hydrogel formulations. Objective: This study aimed to produce chitosan from bamboo clam shells, formulate it into a stable hydrogel, and evaluate its antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Methods: This experimental study involved isolating chitosan through deproteinization, demineralization, depigmentation, and deacetylation steps. The resulting chitosan was characterized by moisture content, ash content, yield, solubility, and functional group identification using FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, chitosan was formulated into four hydrogel variations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). The hydrogel formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and antifungal activity. Results: The produced chitosan exhibited functional groups similar to standard chitosan and a degree of deacetylation of 77.5%. Hydrogel evaluation over three weeks showed good stability, with pH values of 4–6.5, spreadability of 5–7 cm, adhesiveness greater than 1 second, and viscosity ranging from 3,000–50,000 cps, all meeting the required standards. The antifungal test demonstrated that the 6% chitosan hydrogel had the highest inhibition zone (11.5 mm) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusion: Chitosan derived from bamboo clam shells was successfully formulated into a stable hydrogel with effective antifungal activity. The 6% concentration exhibited the strongest antifungal effect, indicating its potential as a topical preparation for treating skin fungal infections.

Solid-State Interactions and Eutectic Formation in Gemfibrozil-Nicotinamide Binary Mixtures

Khairinna Prihandini , Budipratiwi Wisudyaningsih , Yudi Wicaksono — Tue, 19 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Gemfibrozil is an antihyperlipidemic drug that effectively lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. However, it has limitations, primarily low solubility and compactibility. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the solid interactions in a binary mixture of gemfibrozil and nicotinamide, which is useful for modifying the physicochemical properties of gemfibrozil through the formation of multicomponent solids. Methods: The method employed for solid-state interaction analysis was differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which involved constructing solid-liquid phase diagrams, accompanied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to identify any hydrogen bonding interactions between the components. Results: The results revealed that the gemfibrozil-nicotinamide binary mixture formed a solid-liquid phase diagram characterized by a V-type solid curve. A eutectic mixture was observed at a molar ratio of 8:2, with a eutectic melting point of 59.3 °C. FTIR analysis revealed no hydrogen bonding interactions between gemfibrozil and nicotinamide. Conclusion: It was concluded that gemfibrozil in the binary mixture system did not form a solid interaction with nicotinamide but was a eutectic mixture. These findings can be used to design strategies for improving the physicochemical properties of gemfibrozil through the formation of multicomponent solids.

The Effect of Compliance in Education Pill Box on the Success of Hypertension Treatment in Alalak Tengah Puskesmas

Sari Wahyunita , Muhammad Ihsan Rosyadi , Erwin Fakhrani — Tue, 19 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Medication adherence is a crucial factor in the management of hypertension. Non-adherence is a common problem that can hinder therapeutic success. The use of a pill box as a reminder tool is considered to improve adherence; however, its impact on therapeutic outcomes requires further investigation, particularly at Alalak Tengah Primary Health Center, which has a high burden of hypertension cases. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pill box education on medication adherence and therapeutic success, as well as to examine the relationship between adherence and therapeutic outcomes among hypertensive patients at Alalak Tengah Primary Health Center. Methods: This experimental study with a cross-sectional design employed purposive sampling of 100 uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Data were collected from medical records and pill count observations to measure adherence. Therapeutic success was determined based on achieving target blood pressure. Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon test to compare outcomes before and after the intervention, and the Spearman test to assess the correlation between adherence and therapeutic success. Results: The majority of respondents were female (76%), aged 51–60 years (36.5%), and housewives (71%). The pill box intervention significantly improved therapeutic success, with the proportion of patients achieving target blood pressure increasing from 0% to 79% (p-value = 0.001). Post-intervention medication adherence was very high (97%). However, statistically, there was no significant correlation between adherence and therapeutic success (p-value = 0.636 > 0.05). Conclusion: Education on pill box use was proven effective in significantly improving blood pressure control. However, high medication adherence was not directly correlated with therapeutic success. This indicates that hypertension treatment outcomes are influenced by other multifactorial factors beyond adherence, such as diet, physical activity, and individual responses to medication.

Nephroprotective Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Ethanol Extract on Rifampicin-Induced Rats

Nurazra Fadira, Asyrun Alkhairi Lubis , Muhammad Yunus — Wed, 20 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Drug-induced nephrotoxicity, particularly caused by rifampicin—a first-line antituberculosis drug is a significant contributor to acute kidney dysfunction. The search for effective and safe nephroprotective agents to mitigate this side effect is crucial, and garlic (Allium sativum L.), with its potent antioxidant content, has emerged as a promising candidate. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of ethanol extract of garlic (EEG) in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with rifampicin, based on serum creatinine levels, relative kidney weight, and histopathological findings. Methods: An in vivo experimental study was conducted on 25 rats randomly divided into five groups: (GI) normal control (distilled water); (GII) negative control (rifampicin 100 mg/kg BW, intraperitoneal); and three treatment groups (GIII, GIV, GV) receiving rifampicin 100 mg/kg BW and EEG at doses of 50, 120, and 300 mg/kg BW orally. Treatments were administered for 10 days. The measured parameters were serum creatinine levels, relative kidney weight, and histopathological damage scores (degeneration, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration). Results: Rifampicin induction (GII) significantly increased serum creatinine levels (1.28 ± 0.79 mg/dL) compared to the normal control (0.57 ± 0.05 mg/dL) (p<0.001). Administration of EEG at doses of 50, 120, and 300 mg/kg BW significantly reduced creatinine levels (0.53 ± 0.05; 0.51 ± 0.18; 0.51 ± 0.04 mg/dL, respectively). The relative kidney weight was highest in GII (1.6%), whereas treatment groups showed values close to normal. Histopathological analysis revealed the highest damage score in GII (score 2; 25–50%), while treatment groups, particularly the 300 mg/kg BW dose, showed the mildest damage (score 1; 5–25%). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of garlic exerts nephroprotective effects against rifampicin-induced kidney damage in rats, as evidenced by reduced serum creatinine levels, improvement in relative kidney weight, and amelioration of histopathological structures. These protective effects were dose-dependent, with the 300 mg/kg BW dose showing the most optimal outcome.

The Effect of Counselling on Adherence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of dr. Ferdinand Lumbantobing General Hospital Sibolga

Riza Zul Syahri Panjaitan, Hansen Nasif , Yelly Octavia Sari — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global health threat with a steadily increasing prevalence. Its treatment is lifelong and requires optimal patient adherence to achieve therapeutic success. Pharmacist counseling is one of the interventions believed to improve such adherence. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pharmacist counseling and patient characteristics (age, gender, education, occupation, and access to hospital care) on medication adherence among T2DM patients. Methods: This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design conducted at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of dr. Ferdinand Lumbantobing Regional Hospital, Sibolga. A total of 75 respondents meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited. Adherence was measured using the MARS-10 (Medication Adherence Rating Scale 10 items) questionnaire before and after the counseling intervention. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the influence of patient characteristics, while the Wilcoxon test was used to analyze the effect of counseling. Results: Analysis of demographic variables such as age, gender, education, occupation, and hospital access showed no significant relationship with adherence either before or after counseling (p>0.05). However, pharmacist counseling was proven to significantly improve adherence. The mean adherence score increased from 6.49 (pretest) to 8.08 (posttest) (p<0.05). The proportion of adherent patients rose from 52% to 94.67% following counseling. Conclusion: Patient characteristics had no significant effect on adherence. Pharmacist counseling was shown to be effective in significantly improving medication adherence among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Paper Soap With Variations of Glycerine as Plasticizer Againt Staphylococcus Aureus

Aida Apriani, Resmila Dewi, Teuku Sultan Sidiq — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) contains medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCFA), particularly lauric acid, which is known for its antibacterial properties. VCO has the potential to be formulated into a practical and hygienic paper soap dosage form. In paper soap formulation, glycerin acts as a plasticizer that affects the physical properties of the preparation, but its effect on antibacterial activity has not been widely explored. Objective: This study aimed to formulate VCO paper soap with variations in glycerin concentration and to analyze its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This experimental research formulated four paper soap formulas with variations in glycerin concentration: 0% (F1), 10% (F2), 15% (F3), and 20% (F4). The preparations were evaluated through organoleptic tests, pH tests, foam height tests, and free alkali tests. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) with a positive control (commercial paper soap) and a negative control (aquadest). Results: The evaluation results showed that all formulas met the physico-chemical quality standards for soap. Formula 3 (15% glycerin) was the best preparation based on overall evaluation. The antibacterial test showed that all four VCO paper soap formulas (F1-F4) had moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameters that were not statistically significantly different. The negative control showed no activity, while the positive control showed strong antibacterial activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that VCO paper soap was successfully formulated and exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Variations in glycerin concentration (0-20%) did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity, which is presumed to be more influenced by the lauric acid content in VCO.

The Comparison of Quality of Life of Prolanis Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Monotherapy and Polytherapy at Prambanan Public Health Center, Sleman

Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Diabetes mellitus (DM) cases in the Yogyakarta Special Region in 2022 reached 42,050 patients (53.9%), with Sleman Regency having the highest prevalence. The therapy received by patients affects their clinical condition and quality of life. This study aims to determine the difference in the average quality of life of Prolanis DMT2 participants receiving monotherapy and polytherapy at Prambanan Public Health Center in Sleman. This research used an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consists of 34 Prolanis participants at Prambanan Health Center, selected through total sampling. The instrument used is a quality-of-life questionnaire with a reverse Likert scale. The data analysis to measure quality of life is the Mann-Whitney statistics, using independent variables of monotherapy and polytherapy, and the dependent variable of quality of life scores. The majority of respondents are female (22 people, 66.7%), aged 56–65 years (16 people, 47.1%), and have a high school education level (15 people, 44.1%). Most are unemployed (21 people, 61.8%), have had diabetes for ≤ 5 years (26 people, 76.5%), and do not have complications (26 people, 76.5%). The average quality of life score for monotherapy is 28.88, and for polytherapy, it was 41.70. The quality of life for monotherapy is higher than for polytherapy, with a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05). This study aims to determine the difference in the average quality of life between Prolanis DMT2 participants receiving monotherapy and polytherapy at Prambanan Health Center in Sleman. Based on the research results, it was concluded that there is a difference in the average quality of life between Prolanis DMT2 participants at Puskesmas Prambanan Sleman who received monotherapy and those who received polytherapy, with a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05)

Antibacterial Activity of Dendrophthoe pentandra Mistletoe Leaf Extract on Citrus microcarpa Bunge Plants Against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi

Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Diseases caused by bacteria infections are renowned for hurting human health and may become fatal when not treated with appropriate medical therapy. Meanwhile, several bacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, are resistant to numerous antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to find new compounds from plants with antibacterial potential. The results showed that based on phytochemical screening, Dendrophthoe pentandra mistletoe leaf on Citrus microcarpa Bunge plants had compounds with antibacterial activity, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics. According to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, eight compounds have antibacterial properties, namely 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine; 2H-Indeno[1,2-b]furan-2-one, 3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-8,8-dimethyl; Acetamide, N-methyl-N-[4-(3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-; Ethyl iso-allocholate; a-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-(trimethylsilyl)-, cyclic methylboronate; tert-Hexadecanethiol; Sarreroside; and d-Mannose. D. pentandra mistletoe leaf extract had a better effect or activity on inhibiting the growth of M. smegmatis than E. coli and S. typhi. It was concluded that D. pentandra mistletoe leaf on Citrus microcarpa Bunge plants had antibacterial activity.

In Vitro Antidiabetes Activity Test of 96% Ethanol Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Using Maceration Method

Sat, 23 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health issue, with rising prevalence due to population growth, aging, and lifestyle factors. Melastoma malabthricum L. has potential as an antidiabetic agent based on empirical data and in vivo study. Objective: To determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds contained in the extract of Karamunting leaves and to determine the activity and EC₅₀ value of the extract for antidiabetes was evaluated using the Nelson-Somogyi method. Methods: This study used the phytochemical screening approach to identify the active chemicals. 96% ethanol was the solvent used in the maceration process to extract the leaves of M. malabathricum. The Nelson-Somogyi method was used to test the antidiabetic activity by calculated the sample's EC₅₀ value on decreased glucose levels. The Nelson Somogyi method's antidiabetic activity was tested with a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. It operated for 25 minutes at a wavelength of 740 nm. Results: Phenolic chemicals, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins all exhibited positive results from the phytochemical screening. After the addition of 96% ethanol extract of M. malabathricum leaves at gradually higher concentrations, the percentage decrease in glucose levels was 25.32%, 36.90%, 51.39%, 70.87, and 82.83% at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm. R2 = 0.9927 with y = 14.898x + 8.7747. Conclusion: 96% ethanol extract of M.malabathricum leaves contains several active substances, can reduce blood glucose levels and has an EC₅₀ value of 2.76 ppm. Clinically, this implies a promising therapeutic potential with lower required dosages.

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content from the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) Using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The use of plants as traditional medicine is supported by their bioactive compounds, particularly secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are known to be rich in these compounds; however, quantitative data, especially in specific fractions, remain limited. Determining the total flavonoid content is essential for the standardization of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aimed to identify the classes of chemical compounds present in the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves and to determine the total flavonoid content of both samples. Methods: Soursop leaf simplicia was extracted using 70% ethanol by the maceration method. The resulting ethanol extract was then fractionated with ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify compound classes, while the determination of total flavonoid content was quantitatively analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with quercetin as the standard. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that both the ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content obtained in the ethanol extract was 31.524 ± 0.1524 mg QE/g, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed a significantly higher content of 41.425 ± 0.1363 mg QE/g. Conclusion: Fractionation with ethyl acetate effectively concentrated flavonoid compounds from the crude soursop leaf extract, as indicated by the higher total flavonoid content in the ethyl acetate fraction. These findings support the potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves as a source of flavonoids for the development of standardized herbal medicines.

Evaluation of Antihypertensive Drug Use in BPJS Patient Prescriptions from Mataram City Hospital Dispensed at KF 134 Pejanggik Pharmacy and KF 458 Catur Warga Pharmacy Based on ATC/DDD and DU 90%

Yogi Mujizat Hamzani, Tri Murti Andayani , Lucia Vita Inandha Dewi — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Hypertension is a persistent condition of high blood pressure (systolic >140 mmHg or diastolic >90 mmHg). As a chronic disease requiring long-term treatment, the therapy for hypertensive patients needs to be evaluated regularly. Objective: This study aimed to determine the consumption profile of antihypertensive drugs using the ATC/DDD and DU 90% methods and to assess their compliance with the National Formulary (FORNAS). Methods: This research used a cross-sectional design with retrospective data collection. The samples were prescriptions for BPJS hypertension patients from Mataram City Hospital for the period of January-December 2024, redeemed at KF 134 Pejanggik Pharmacy and KF 458 Catur Warga Pharmacy. The data were analyzed using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) and Drug Utilization 90% (DU 90%) methods. Results: The results showed that the most consumed antihypertensive class was ARBs, specifically candesartan, with a value of 13,082.25 DDD/1000 PPD at KF 134 Pejanggik and 7,215.33 DDD/1000 PPD at KF 458 Catur Warga. The drugs included in the DU 90% segment were candesartan, ramipril, amlodipine, and bisoprolol at both pharmacies, with the addition of valsartan at KF 134 Pejanggik. Compliance with drug use guidelines for FORNAS was 92% at KF 134 Pejanggik Pharmacy and 90% at KF 458 Catur Warga Pharmacy. Conclusion: The use of antihypertensive drugs in both pharmacies is in accordance with FORNAS, with high compliance percentages, indicating rational drug prescribing practices.

The The Effect of Different Gelling Agents on the Physical Characteristics of Peel-Off Gel Masks with Mulberry Leaf Extract (Morus alba L.)

Nur Rahmiati, Fairuz Yaumil Afra , Evy Dharmayati , Dewi Ayu Septiani — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Mulberry leaves extract (Morus alba L.) has an IC₅₀ of 8.35 µg/mL which is classified as a very strong antioxidant so it can be used as an active substance in cosmetic preparations such as Peel Off gel masks. An important component in Peel Off gel preparations is Gelling Agent. The type and concentration of each Gelling Agent can affect the characteristics of the preparation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different Gelling Agents on the physical characteristics of Peel Off gel mask preparations from mulberry leaf extract. Mulberry leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. Peel Off gel mask preparation is made in 9 formulas, namely formula 1-3 using Gelling Agent gelatin, formula 4-6 using Gelling Agent HPMC, formula 7-9 using Gelling Agent Carbopol 940. Physical characterization of the preparation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesive power, viscosity and stability test Cycling Test. The results showed that all formulas had the same organoleptic before and after the stability test, formula 1-3 showed inhomogeneity after the stability test was carried out. The pH of formula 1-6 is in the good pH range (5.62-6.37) while F7-9 has a pH value of 7.04-7.31, the spreadability of the preparation decreased along with the increase in the concentration of Gelling Agent, namely from 17 g.cm/sec to 12 g.cm/sec for a load of 150 g, and the increase in the concentration of Gelling Agent affects the results of adhesive power and viscosity of the preparation. The viscosity values of F1-F3 are 3,666-110,000 mPa.s, F4-F7 with a range of 11,333-49,666 mPa.s, and F7-F9 44,333-162,333 mPa.s. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the difference in Gelling Agent in Peel Off gel mask preparations can affect the physical characteristics of the preparation.

The effect of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa L.) extract as a neuroprotector on the histopathological features of brain cells in male Wistar strain white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Alzheimer’s disease

Ferisha Aulia Balqis, Meutia Maulina, Vera Novalia — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive decline and memory loss, eventually impairing daily activities. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has neuroprotective potential due to its curcumin content, which possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. This study aims to examine the effect of different doses of turmeric rhizome extract on the histopathological features of brain cells in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with Alzheimer’s disease. An experimental study with a post-test only control group design was conducted using simple random sampling. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: K1 (Alzheimer-induced without treatment), K2 (administered 20 mg/kgBW memantine), P1 (Alzheimer-induced with 36 mg/kgBW turmeric extract), and P2 (Alzheimer-induced with 54 mg/kgBW turmeric extract). The results showed the highest percentage of cell necrosis in K1 (19.7%), while the lowest was in K2 (1.67%), followed by P2 (2.5%) and P1 (5%). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference between groups p = 0.030 (p < 0.05). The Post Hoc Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant difference between K1 and both K2 and P2. These findings suggest that turmeric rhizome extract at a dose of 54 mg/kgBW has a neuroprotective effect by reducing neuronal necrosis in Alzheimer-induced rats. However, no significant difference was observed between the memantine-treated group and the turmeric extract-treated groups. There was no significant difference between the group given memantine treatment and the group given turmeric rhizome extract (Curcuma Longa L.).

Analysis of Factors Affecting Sexual Behavior Among High School Students in Lhokseumawe City

Putri Sabrina Lubis, Cut Khairunnisa , Hendra Wahyuni — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Adolescent sexual behavior is an important issue in health education. This can be influenced by knowledge, attitudes, the role of parents, peers, information media, religion, and the role of teachers and schools. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the sexual behavior of adolescents of Lhokseumawe City State High School. This research method uses a descriptive analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was 342 students of Lhokseumawe City State High School. Sampling used stratified random sampling technique and data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The results of the study showed that most teenagers were in the age range of 17-19 years and most were female, the sexual behavior of high school teenagers in Lhokseumawe City showed that most were not involved in deviant sexual behavior. Factors that influence the sexual behavior of high school teenagers in Lhokseumawe City show that adolescent knowledge is generally good. Most show positive attitudes, have good parental roles, are significantly influenced by peers, and only a few access information media related to pornography. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi-square test. This proves that there is a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude, parental role, peer role, and information media with adolescent sexual behavior in Lhokseumawe City State High School. with the results of the study showing p < (0.05). Thus, the research is expected to contribute positively to understanding and addressing deviant sexual behavior among adolescents and to support the development of better protection policies for adolescents in Lhokseumawe.

The relationship between early complementary feeding with the incidence of diarrhea in infants aged 0-6 months at Evi pratama clinic.

Sat, 30 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The global coverage of exclusive breastfeeding remains low (44%). The situation in Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra, is concerning, where 68.4% of children under two years receive complementary feeding (CF) too early. This practice may increase the risk of diarrhea due to the immaturity of the infant’s gastrointestinal tract. Preliminary findings at Evi Primary Clinic showed that 17 out of 20 infants under six months experienced diarrhea, along with evidence of early CF practices. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between early complementary feeding and the incidence of diarrhea among infants aged 0–6 months at Evi Primary Clinic. Methods: An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total sampling technique was applied to 35 mothers with infants aged 0–6 months. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: A total of 19 infants (54.3%) received early complementary feeding, and 18 infants (51.4%) experienced diarrhea. Bivariate analysis revealed that 15 out of 19 infants (42.8%) who received early complementary feeding suffered from diarrhea. The statistical test showed a p-value of 0.001 (α<0.05). Conclusion: There is a statistically significant association between early complementary feeding and the incidence of diarrhea among infants aged 0–6 months at Evi Primary Clinic. Therefore, education on the appropriate timing of complementary feeding is essential to prevent diarrhea in infants.

The effect of education on knowledge in elderly hypertensive patients at Padang Pariaman general hospital

Lisma Naluri, Hansen Nasif , Yelly Oktavia Sari — Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Hypertension is a prevalent chronic condition among the elderly, and improving patients' knowledge is a crucial factor in achieving successful therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of educational interventions on knowledge among elderly hypertensive patients at Padang Pariaman General Hospital. A one-group pre-test post-test design was used involving 97 elderly participants who received education through pharmacist-led counseling sessions. Knowledge levels were assessed using the Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale (HKLS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a significant improvement in knowledge after the intervention (p < 0.05). Before counseling, most participants had low knowledge, but this improved significantly post-education. The study concludes that structured educational interventions effectively enhance the knowledge of elderly hypertensive patients, and should be incorporated into routine pharmaceutical care.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Mouthwash Preparations from Peppermint Leaf Extract (Mentha piperita L.) and Chinese Castor Leaf (Jatropha multifida L.) Against Streptococcus mutans

Adilla Putri, Muhammad Amin Nasution, Minda Sari Lubis , Haris Munandar Nasution — Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Mouthwash is a liquid preparation that plays an important role in maintaining oral health. An ideal formulation should possess antibacterial effectiveness, physicochemical stability, and acceptable organoleptic properties. Streptococcus mutans is the primary pathogenic bacterium responsible for halitosis and dental caries. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and physic nut (Jatropha multifida L.) leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which have potential antibacterial activity. Objective: This study aimed to formulate peppermint and physic nut leaf extracts into a stable mouthwash preparation and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The extracts were prepared using maceration with ethanol as a solvent. The mouthwash formulations were developed with three variations of extract concentrations (2%, 2.5%, and 3%). The preparations were then evaluated for their physical stability (organoleptic properties and pH) and tested for antibacterial activity against S. mutans using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Inhibition zone data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s test. Results: Physicochemical evaluation showed that all formulations remained stable over 28 days of observation, with a pH of 6, which is compatible with the oral cavity. Antibacterial testing demonstrated an increase in inhibition zone diameter with higher extract concentrations: 10.33 mm (2%), 11.1 mm (2.5%), and 11.9 mm (3%). These results were comparable to the positive control, Betadine gargle (11.95 mm). The negative control showed no inhibition zone. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among the concentrations. Conclusion: The combination mouthwash containing peppermint and physic nut leaf extracts at a concentration of 3% was found to be the most stable formulation and exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, comparable to the commercial reference product. Thus, this combination extract has potential to be developed as a natural antibacterial agent for oral health.

Chlorogenic Acid Quantification and Antioxidant Activity of NADES Extracts from Robusta Green Coffee Beans (Coffea canephora) Using MAE and UAE Methods for Cosmetic Raw Material

Tanfidz Alishlah, Nuri, Dewi Dianasari, Arif Rahman Hakim — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Antioxidants are essential for protecting skin cells from free radicals, causing oxidative damage, and supporting human skin’s health. Natural antioxidants are abundant in plants, particularly in Robusta green coffee beans (Coffea canephora), which are rich in chlorogenic acid (CA), a key contributor to antioxidant properties. Efficient extraction methods are necessary to obtain these bioactives effectively. Advanced extraction technology, such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), enhances mass transfer and reduces processing time compared to conventional methods. This study quantified chlorogenic acid using Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry (TLC-densitometry) and evaluated the antioxidant activity using the DPPH method of NADES (betaine–triethylene glycol) liquid extracts from Robusta coffee green beans extracted via UAE and MAE. Chlorogenic acid concentration of MAE (3.64 mg CA/g extract ± 0.06) was higher than that of UAE (2.69 mg CA/g extract ± 0.04). The antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) values were 3266.66 μg/mL ± 67.97 (UAE) and 2598.05 μg/mL ± 29.42 (MAE), indicating higher efficiency for MAE. When expressed as chlorogenic acid equivalents in NADES extracts, IC₅₀ values were 9.04 μg/mL ± 0.13 (UAE) and 9.44 μg/mL ± 0.07 (MAE). NADES-MAE could be a promising method to acquire raw materials with high antioxidant activity, especially for cosmetic formulation.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Factors and the Medication Adherence Level of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Puskesmas Damai Based on MMAS-8

Nuurositha, Fitri Ayu Wahyuni , Wiwi Erwina , Rifazul Aulia Rahman — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease requiring long-term therapy. Patient adherence to medication plays a crucial role in preventing complications. Unfortunately, the level of medication adherence among T2DM patients remains suboptimal and is influenced by various factors, including sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. This study aims to analyze the association between sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors and medication adherence in T2DM patients at Puskesmas Damai, Balikpapan City. A cross-sectional design was applied with total sampling of all T2DM patients at Puskesmas Damai meeting the inclusion criteria. The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) questionnaire was used to assess medication adherence. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, with chi-square tests for associations. Bivariate analysis showed that gender (p = 0.021) and age (p = 0.039) were significantly associated with medication adherence. Meanwhile, education level (p = 0.428), employment status (p = 0.865), and income (p = 0.836) were not significantly associated. Understanding the factors influencing patient adherence can inform the design of more effective interventions to improve medication adherence and treatment outcomes in T2DM patients.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Pharmacological Adherence and Low-Sodium Diet Compliance with Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients at Several Public Health Centers in Banyumas Regency

Zahra Amalia Ristiana, Fauziah Fauziah , Siti Setianingsih — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires long-term management through adherence to pharmacological therapy and a low-sodium diet. Both factors play an essential role in controlling blood pressure and preventing complications. Methods: This study employed a quantitative observational design with a cross-sectional approach conducted in February 2025 at four public health centers in Banyumas Regency. A total of 70 hypertensive patients enrolled in the PROLANIS program were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews and health status documentation, then analyzed using the Chi-Square test and odds ratio (OR). Results: No significant relationship was found between pharmacological adherence and blood pressure (p systolic = 0.131; p diastolic = 0.434). Conversely, a significant association was observed between adherence to a low-sodium diet and blood pressure (p systolic = 0.000; p diastolic = 0.003). Odds ratio analysis indicated that patients adhering to a low-sodium diet were 1.86 times more likely to achieve controlled blood pressure compared to those who were non-adherent. Conclusion: Adherence to a low-sodium diet has a greater influence on blood pressure control than medication adherence. Therefore, educational interventions emphasizing the importance of dietary management and consistent medication intake should be optimized to improve the effectiveness of hypertension therapy in primary health care settings.

The Effect of an Educational Booklet on Medication Adherence in Hypertensive Prolanis Patients at Butang Baru Public Health Center, Sarolangun Regency

Trisia Mayang Sari, Yelly Oktavia Sari, Fatma Sri Wahyuni — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Hypertension is a global health problem with a high prevalence and is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Low medication adherence remains a challenge in the long-term management of hypertension. Health education is a key strategy to improve patients’ understanding and adherence. Booklets are considered a potential educational medium for delivering information in a structured manner. Objective: This study aims to analyse the effect of booklet media education on medication adherence among hypertensive patients participating in the Prolanis program at Butang Baru Public Health Centre, Sarolangun Regency. Methods: This research employed a pretest-posttest control group experimental design. Fifty-six respondents were evenly divided into the intervention group (received booklet-based education) and the control group (received no intervention). Medication adherence was measured using the MARS-5 questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. Results: There was a significant improvement in adherence in the intervention group. The percentage of patients with high adherence increased from 7.14% to 53.57%, while the low adherence category decreased from 25% to 0%. Conversely, the control group showed no meaningful changes. Statistical analysis confirmed these findings, with a p-value = 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating that the booklet intervention significantly improved adherence. Conclusion: Education through booklet media was proven effective in improving medication adherence among hypertensive patients. Therefore, booklets can be applied as a practical and beneficial intervention strategy to support the success of chronic disease management programs such as Prolanis in primary health care settings.

Evaluation of Erythropoietin (EPO) Use in Relation to Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients at RSUP Prof. R. D . Kandou Manado

Firly Kartika Yuni Rambi, Diana Laila Ramatillah — Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a health issue that occurs in almost all parts of the world, and the number of patients continues to increase. CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis often experience anemia, which affects their quality of life and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Erythropoietin (EPO) is used to treat anemia, but its effectiveness can be affected by nutritional status, combination therapy, and other factors. Objective: To determine the profile of EPO therapy in CKD patients at the Dahlia Hemodialysis Unit at RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou. Methods: An observational study with a retrospective cohort design (January–December 2020 with follow-up until December 2024) and a prospective design (October–December 2024). Patient medical records were processed and analyzed descriptively and analytically using Independent T-Tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: 209 patients undergoing therapy, 109 male (52.15%) and 100 female (47.85%). The average increase in post-treatment hemoglobin levels (Hb Post) compared to pre-treatment levels (Hb Pre) was 16.28%. Independent T-Test showed no significant difference in Hb levels between males and females (p>0.05). ANOVA Test showed a significant difference in Hb Post levels between age groups (F(7,201)=3.517; p=0.001). ANCOVA analysis showed that Hb Pre was the primary predictor of Hb Post (F=161.151; p<0.001). Conclusion: EPO therapy increases hemoglobin levels in CKD patients, with the response influenced by age and Hb Pre, but not by gender. Hb Pre levels are the primary predictor of treatment success.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Anting-Anting Herb (Acalypha indica) on GLUT 2 Expression in the Pancreas of Diabetics Rats

Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Anting-anting herb (Acalypha indica L.) has been traditionally known for its antidiabetic properties. Its mechanism of action is presumed to involve the regeneration of damaged pancreatic β-cells; however, its effect on the expression of GLUT-2, a key glucose transporter in insulin secretion, remains to be further investigated. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of ethanol extract of Anting-anting herb on GLUT-2 protein expression in pancreatic β-cells of Streptozotocin–Nicotinamide–induced diabetic rats. Methods: This laboratory experimental study used 25 male rats (Rattus norvegicus), randomly assigned into five groups: normal control, negative control (diabetes + 1% CMC), positive control (diabetes + glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW), treatment 1 (diabetes + extract 100 mg/kg BW), and treatment 2 (diabetes + extract 200 mg/kg BW). Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally with Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg BW) and Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg BW). The treatments were administered orally for 14 days. GLUT-2 expression in pancreatic tissue was quantitatively analyzed using immunohistochemistry, and protein density was measured with ImageJ software. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The group treated with 200 mg/kg BW extract showed a significant increase in GLUT-2 protein density (11,608,400 molecules/µm²) compared with the negative control group (5,074,533 molecules/µm²) (p < 0.05). This value was even higher than that of the positive control (glibenclamide), which showed a density of 10,626,864 molecules/µm². Conclusion: Administration of ethanol extract of Anting-anting herb at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW significantly increased GLUT-2 expression in pancreatic β-cells of diabetic rats. This enhancement is strongly presumed to contribute to the antidiabetic mechanism of Anting-anting herb.

Factors Associated with the Incidence of Stunting in Early Childhood Children in the Working Area of Buhit Community Health Centre, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency, 2024

Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Stunting is a health problem resulting from chronic malnutrition over a long period. Although it serves as the district capital, Pangururan Sub-District still has a relatively high stunting prevalence, with 154 out of 2,460 measured toddlers (6.26%) affected. Identifying associated factors is necessary to design targeted interventions. Objective: This study aims to analyse the factors associated with the incidence of stunting in early childhood children in the working area of Buhit Community Health Centre, Pangururan Sub-District, Samosir Regency. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design conducted in the working area of Buhit Community Health Centre. The study population consisted of mothers with toddlers in the area, with a sample size of 96 mothers selected using accidental sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements and analysed using the Chi-Square test and logistic regression. Results: Bivariate analysis results showed significant relationships between maternal nutritional status (p=0.000), parenting patterns (p=0.000), maternal education level (p=0.000), family income level (p=0.003), and exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.029) with the incidence of stunting. Multivariate analysis indicated that maternal education level was the most dominant variable (p=0.013; OR=12.814), meaning that mothers with low education levels had a 12.8 times higher risk of having stunted children. Conclusion: Maternal nutritional status, parenting patterns, maternal education, family income, and exclusive breastfeeding were significantly associated with stunting, with maternal education level being the dominant factor. Therefore, stunting prevention efforts in this region should prioritise health education targeting mothers with low educational backgrounds.

Formulation and test of effervescent tablets of bilimbi with variations in the concentration of citric acid and tartaric acid

Nadya Ambarwati, Fikria Marfuatin Nur, Fufut Nurul Hidayah — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Averrhoa bilimbi L. is a natural source of vitamin C with potential as an antioxidant. Effervescent tablets are a popular dosage form in which the choice of acid sources, such as citric acid and tartaric acid, is critical due to their hygroscopic properties that affect the physical characteristics and stability of both granules and tablets. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of citric acid and tartaric acid combinations on the physical characteristics of granules and effervescent tablets of Averrhoa bilimbi powder. Methods: The study employed the dry granulation method. Four tablet formulas with different ratios of citric acid and tartaric acid were prepared. The granules were evaluated for flowability, angle of repose, and moisture content. The resulting tablets were tested for organoleptic properties, weight uniformity, size uniformity, hardness, friability, and dissolution time. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: The evaluation showed that all granule characteristics (flow time 1.36–1.56 seconds; angle of repose 9.95°–13.50°; moisture content 3.298%–4.622%) met the requirements. All tablet evaluation parameters (weight uniformity, size uniformity, hardness, and dissolution time 1.27–1.36 minutes) also complied, except for friability (1.401%–2.832%), which exceeded the specified limit (>1%). Statistical analysis indicated that acid concentration variations had a significant effect (p-value < 0.05) on all tested parameters except tablet friability (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that variations in citric acid and tartaric acid concentrations significantly affect the characteristics of Averrhoa bilimbi effervescent granules and tablets, except for friability. The nonconformity observed in friability testing is presumed to be influenced by other formulation factors such as the type and concentration of binders and lubricants. Further studies on formula optimization, vitamin C content analysis, and accelerated stability testing are recommended.

Formulation and Evaluation of Physical Quality and Anti-inflammatory Activity Test of Stick Balm Preparation Containing Ethanol Extract of Spider Lily Leaves (Crinum asiaticum L.)

Yusril Ramadhan, Rafita Yuniarti , Minda Sari Lubis , Zulmai Rani — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Spider lily leaves (Crinum asiaticum L.) contain bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, which are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. Developing a convenient topical formulation like a stick balm could provide an effective and practical alternative for treating inflammation. Objective: This study aimed to formulate a stick balm containing ethanol extract of spider lily leaves (EESL) and evaluate its physical quality and anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: The extract was obtained by macerating the leaves in 96% ethanol. Stick balm formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of EESL: F0 (base), F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). The physical quality of the formulations (homogeneity, pH, spreadability, melting point) was evaluated. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested on 24 male white rats induced with carrageenan. The rats were divided into six groups: negative control (induced only), positive control (commercial Geliga balm), F0, F1, F2, and F3. Paw edema volume was measured every hour for 6 hours. Results: All stick balm formulations met the physical quality standards. The anti-inflammatory test showed that the F3 formulation (5% EESL) exhibited the highest activity, with an edema reduction of 0.007 mm, which was equivalent to the positive control group (0.007 mm). The anti-inflammatory effect was concentration-dependent, with lower efficacy observed in the F2 and F1 groups. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Crinum asiaticum L. leaves can be successfully formulated into a stable stick balm. The 5% EESL stick balm demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity that was comparable to a commercial product, making it a promising natural alternative for topical anti-inflammatory therapy.

Bioactivity and Health Effect of Black Garlic on Hydroxy Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Enzyme Activity in Male Obese Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar

Ibrahim, Eti Yerizel , Endrinaldi, Gusti Revilla — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Obesity is a condition of abnormality or excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue. HMG-CoA reductase is an enzyme that can catalyse HMG-CoA into mevalonate, which is needed in cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme is an effective drug target mechanism to overcome dyslipidemia. Black garlic, which is high in antioxidants such as SAC, flavonoids, and polyphenols, is an effective mechanism. This study tested the bioactivity and health effects of black garlic on the activity of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. This type of experimental study on male rats uses a post-test control-only group design. The sample in this study was 25 experimental animals divided into five groups, group negative control with a regular diet, group positive control with a high-fat diet, group treatment 1 with a high-fat diet and black garlic dose of 200 mg/rats, group treatment 2 with a high-fat and black garlic diet dose of 400 mg/rats, and group treatment given a high-fat diet and black garlic dose of 800 mg/rats. The results of the study showed that the average value and standard deviation of HMG-CoA in the negative control group were 1,044 and 0.088, the positive control group 2,136 and 0.487, the 1 group treatment 1,292 and 0.194, the 2 group treatment 1,296 and 0.206 and the three treatment group 1,201 and 0.201 nmol/min/mg protein. Based on the results of the hypothesis test, the significance level for the five groups was 0.004, indicating a significant difference in the average HMG-CoA levels in groups K1, K2, P1, P2, and P3. Black garlic significantly decreased HMG-CoA reductase activity in rats fed a high-fat diet, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for dyslipidemia management.

Isolation and Characterization of Nano Hemicellulose from Empty Palm Oil Bunches (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are a significant agricultural waste from the palm oil industry, currently underutilized. EFB contains lignocellulosic components, including hemicellulose (22.84%), which has potential applications in the pharmaceutical sector as a hydrophilic polymer. Objective: This study aimed to isolate and characterize hemicellulose and nano-hemicellulose from oil palm EFB using an environmentally friendly green chemistry method with low-concentration reagents. Methods: This experimental research began with the purposive sampling of EFB. Hemicellulose was isolated using a sequential process with 0.1 N NaOH, 0.1 N HCl, and 70% ethanol. The resulting hemicellulose was then nano-sized using a ball mill technique. Characterization included organoleptic tests, solubility tests, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results: The isolation process from 500 g of EFB powder yielded 16.7 g of hemicellulose, with a yield of 3.34%. FTIR analysis identified key functional groups (O-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, C=C) in both hemicellulose and nano-hemicellulose, confirming their chemical similarity. SEM analysis at 500x magnification revealed a more regular particle structure with distinct cavities, indicating a swelling effect from the alkali treatment. PSA confirmed the nano-scale size of the processed particles. Conclusion: Hemicellulose and nano-hemicellulose were successfully isolated from oil palm EFB using a simple green chemistry method. The characterized nano-hemicellulose showed properties suitable for potential development as a carrier in pharmaceutical formulations.

Relationship of Family Support and Mother's Psychology with the Success Rate of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Paya Geli Village

Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Breast milk (ASI) is the ideal source of nutrition, containing antibodies and bioactive substances that support infant growth, development, and immune function. Despite its substantial benefits, many mothers fail to exclusively breastfeed. Family support and maternal psychological conditions are strongly suspected to influence the success of exclusive breastfeeding. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between family support and maternal psychological conditions with the success of exclusive breastfeeding in Paya Geli Village. Methods: This quantitative study employed a cross-sectional design involving 32 mothers with infants aged 0–6 months. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed through univariate and bivariate analyses with Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact tests. Results: Analysis of this limited sample showed a statistically significant association between family support (OR = 106.8; 95% CI: 10.0–1149.0; p < 0.001) and maternal psychological conditions (OR = 53.3; 95% CI: 2.7–1046.6; p = 0.0003) with exclusive breastfeeding success. However, the wide confidence intervals (CIs) indicate considerable uncertainty in the estimates. Conclusion: Family support and maternal psychological conditions are critical determinants of exclusive breastfeeding success. Community-level health promotion programs should prioritize these factors to improve exclusive breastfeeding coverage. Policy implications warrant further investigation with larger and more representative samples.

Determinants of Hypertension Among Rural Communities in the Working Area of Simarmata Public Health Center, Simanindo Subdistrict, Samosir Regency, 2024

Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Hypertension is a major global health issue and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Data from the Samosir Regency Health Office in 2022 indicated a high prevalence of hypertension (30%) among adults in Simanindo District, highlighting a critical local public health concern. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the determinants associated with the incidence of hypertension in the working area of the Simarmata Public Health Center, Simanindo District, Samosir Regency. Methods: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A sample of 95 respondents was selected proportionally from four villages. Data on Body Mass Index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and dietary patterns were collected through interviews and measurements. Data analysis employed the Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The study revealed significant relationships between hypertension and BMI (p=0.000), alcohol consumption (p=0.000), smoking habits (p=0.000), and dietary patterns (p=0.018). Multivariate analysis identified smoking habit as the most dominant factor, with smokers having 9.758 times higher odds of developing hypertension (Exp(B) = 9.758; 95% CI: 2.697–35.303). Conclusion: Smoking habit is the most dominant determinant of hypertension in this community. It is recommended that the head of the Simarmata Public Health Center enhance the role of health workers in providing health education, particularly on the dangers of smoking and its impact on hypertension, to reduce its incidence.

Correlation Between Vitamin C, Cholecalciferol, and Malondialdehyde Levels in Abortus and Normal Pregnancy: An Observational Study

Hartati Deri Manila, Aprima Yona Amir , Fafelia Rozyka Meysetri — Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: Abortion is a pregnancy complication that contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Approximately 73 million abortions occur annually worldwide, with the estimated abortion rate in Padang city in 2024 reaching 58.7%. Abortion remains a challenge in obstetrics. The relationship between vitamin C deficiency, cholecalciferol, and elevated MDA levels and abortion remains debated, given the complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Objective: to determine the correlation between vitamin C, cholecalciferol, and malondialdehyde levels between abortion and normal pregnancy. Method: This study is a comparative study of two unpaired groups with a cross-sectional approach to analyze the average levels of Vitamin C, cholecalciferol, and MDA. The population in this study was pregnant women diagnosed with abortion and all women with normal pregnancies with a gestational age of ≤ 20 weeks who were treated in the delivery room of RSUD dr. M. Zein, RS. dr. Reksodiwiryo Padang, RSUP M. Djamil Padang, RS. Rasidin Padang with a sample size of 30. Data analysis was carried out using an Independent Samples T-test. Results: The results of this study showed that Vitamin C levels were lower in the abortion group than in the control group, a significant difference (p = 0.001). Cholecalciferol deficiency was more pronounced in the abortion group, a significant difference compared to normal pregnancies (p = 0.002). MDA levels were very high in the abortion group, a significant difference (p = 0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation of Vitamin C and cholecalciferol levels between the occurrence of abortion and normal pregnancy, and there is a significant correlation of malondialdehyde levels between normal pregnancy and the occurrence of abortion.

The Effect of Pharmacist Intervention on Knowledge, Satisfaction Level, and Outcome of Self-Medication Therapy for Common Cold Patients at Kasih Agape Pharmacy

Eunike Victorita Tarigan , Wiryanto Wiryanto , Aminah Dalimunthe — Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Self-medication for minor illnesses such as the common cold is generally done by the community. In situations like this, the role of pharmacists is very important in providing education to improve patient safety. This study aims to analyze the effect of pharmacist intervention (pretest-posttest) on the level of knowledge and outcome of self-medication therapy for common cold patients at Kasih Agape Pharmacy Medan. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design approach on the knowledge and outcome indicators, while the patient satisfaction indicator used a descriptive quantitative research design. The sample consisted of 50 patients who were in the intervention group (pretest-posttest), randomly selected using a purposive sampling technique. The intervention was given in the form of pharmacist education and counseling. Data were collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant increase in the level of knowledge (p <0.05) and outcome of therapy (p <0.05) in the intervention group compared to the pretest and posttest. These results can also be seen as increasing patient knowledge, and the outcome of therapy can have an impact on increasing patient satisfaction. This study shows that pharmacist intervention can effectively improve the quality of self-medication for the common cold in patients. This study emphasizes the importance of the active role of pharmacists in providing education to support safe, rational drug use and improve therapeutic outcomes.

The Effect of the Continuous Supplementary Feeding (PMT) Program on Nutritional Improvement of Stunting in Binjai City

Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Stunting remains a serious public health problem in Indonesia, including in Binjai City, with a prevalence rate that continues to fluctuate and requires effective intervention. Stunting is caused by chronic malnutrition and results in growth failure. The Supplementary Feeding Program (PMT) is a specific intervention expected to improve the nutritional status of toddlers. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of the continuous Supplementary Feeding Program (PMT) on improving the nutritional status of stunted toddlers in Binjai City. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design (one-group pretest-posttest). The research population was 44 stunted toddlers registered in the Binjai City Stunting Reduction Acceleration Team (TPPS) program. Data was collected through direct anthropometric measurements (body weight and height) before and after the 90-day PMT intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: The results showed a statistically significant improvement in the toddlers' nutritional status after the PMT intervention. This was evidenced by an increase in the indicators of body weight (p < 0.001), height (p < 0.001), W/A index (p = 0.002), H/A index (p < 0.001), and W/H index (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The continuous Supplementary Feeding Program (PMT) was proven effective in improving the nutritional status of stunted toddlers. This program can be used as a reliable strategy in efforts to accelerate the reduction of stunting rates in Binjai City.

The Effect of Giving Bevuzingiber Tea (Beta vulgaris and Zingiber officinale) on Stage I Hypertensive Patients in the Work Area of UPT Puskesmas Way Kandis in 2025

Widya Miftakhul Janah , Dewi Woro Astuti, Radella Hervidea — Thu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Hypertension is a major global health issue characterized by a persistent increase in arterial blood pressure, leading to severe complications. Stage I hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and diastolic pressure of 90-99 mmHg. The high prevalence of hypertension in the work area of UPT Puskesmas Way Kandis necessitates effective and accessible non-pharmacological interventions, such as the use of local ingredients like beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of consuming Bevuzingiber tea (a combination of Beta vulgaris and Zingiber officinale) on reducing blood pressure in patients with stage I hypertension. Methods: This study used a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach. The sample consisted of 36 stage I hypertension patients selected through purposive sampling. They were divided into two groups: an intervention group (n=18) given Bevuzingiber tea and a control group (n=18) given antihypertensive medication. The intervention was conducted for 7 days. Blood pressure was measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in blood pressure in the intervention group. The average systolic blood pressure decreased from 152.00 mmHg to 113.89 mmHg, and diastolic pressure decreased from 91.50 mmHg to 74.17 mmHg. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference with a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05). The intervention group also showed more consistent reductions compared to the control group. Conclusion: Bevuzingiber tea is effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with stage I hypertension and can be recommended as a complementary non-pharmacological therapy. It is suggested that future researchers focus on patients under 65 years of age and directly observe respondents' activities and other factors influencing blood pressure.

The Relationship of Knowledge, Parenting Patterns, Feeding, and Environmental Sanitation to the Incidence of Stunting in Toddler Ages 24-59 Months in the Working Area of the Buhit Puskesmas, Samosir District, 2025

Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem with profound implications for the quality of human resources. Multiple factors, including parental knowledge, feeding practices, and environmental sanitation, influence this condition. The working area of the Buhit Community Health Center (Puskesmas Buhit) in Samosir Regency continues to face challenges in addressing stunting, making the identification of dominant factors essential for targeted interventions. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between parental knowledge, feeding practices, and environmental sanitation with the incidence of stunting among children aged 24–59 months, and to identify the most influential factor in the Buhit Community Health Center service area, Samosir Regency, in 2025. Methods: This research employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population comprised all children aged 24–59 months (n = 577). A total of 88 respondents were selected using simple random sampling and the Slovin formula. Data were collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements, and analyzed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: Bivariate analysis revealed a significant association between parental knowledge (p = 0.000), feeding practices (p = 0.000), and environmental sanitation (p = 0.004) and the incidence of stunting. Multivariate analysis revealed that feeding practices were the most dominant factor (OR = 105.463; 95% CI = 13.888–800.848). This indicates that children with inadequate feeding practices have a 105.463-fold higher risk of stunting compared to those with good feeding practices. Conclusion: A significant relationship exists between parental knowledge, feeding practices, environmental sanitation, and the incidence of stunting. The most dominant factor is feeding practices. Therefore, stunting prevention interventions in this area should focus on improving parents’ understanding and implementation of appropriate feeding practices.

Potential Drug Interactions in Liver Cirrhosis: Patterns and Sociodemographic Factors

Hudiyah Amni, Najmiatul Fitria, Yelly Oktavia Sari — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic condition characterised by the formation of regenerative nodules and fibrotic tissue resulting from prolonged liver damage. This condition is frequently accompanied by comorbidities and complications, often leading to the use of multiple medications (polypharmacy). Polypharmacy increases the risk of potential drug interactions, which may worsen clinical outcomes. This study aimed to describe the patterns of possible drug interactions and the sociodemographic characteristics of hospitalised patients with cirrhosis at Dr M. Djamil Central General Hospital in Padang. A cross-sectional study was conducted using prospectively collected data from patient medical records. A total of 579 medications used by 50 patients were classified into three categories: cirrhosis-specific drugs (48.9%), symptomatic treatments (43.2%), and medications for comorbid conditions (7.95%). Analysis with drugs.com showed potential drug interactions in 96% of patients, most commonly moderate–to–minor combinations (48%), followed by major, moderate, and minor interactions (22%). In comparison, moderate interactions only and major moderate combinations occurred in 18% and 9% of patients, respectively. In terms of sociodemographic characteristics, most patients were male (58%), under 65 years old (64%), had more than one comorbidity (52%), had a basic education level (32%), were still employed (56%), and did not engage in high-risk social behaviors such as smoking or alcohol consumption (48%).

Molecular Docking Study of Luteolin and its Derivatives for Identifying Potential ER-α Inhibitors in Breast Cancer

Fasha Jamil Atwon, Muhammad Da'I — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) serving as a primary therapeutic target in hormone-dependent subtypes. Resistance to current endocrine therapies underscores the need for alternative compounds with improved efficacy and safety. Luteolin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has gained attention as a potential anticancer agent, but its structural modifications may alter biological activity. This study evaluated the binding affinity and interaction profiles of luteolin and its glycosylated derivatives (luteolin 7-glucuronide and luteolin 7-O-glucoside) against ER-α using molecular docking (PDB ID: 7UJ8). The results revealed that luteolin consistently exhibited stronger binding affinity (−7.2 to −8.0 kcal/mol) and stable RMSD values compared to its derivatives, though it remained significantly weaker than the reference drug 4-hydroxytamoxifen (−8.9 to −9.4 kcal/mol). Structural analysis demonstrated that luteolin’s superiority arises from its ability to maintain extensive hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions within the ER-α binding pocket. In contrast, glycosylation introduced bulky polar substituents that disrupted hydrophobic contacts and reduced binding affinity. These findings highlight luteolin as the most promising scaffold among the tested compounds and underscore the structural basis for why glycoside derivatization diminishes ER-α binding. Future work should focus on enhancing luteolin’s bioavailability without compromising its key hydrophobic interactions to advance its potential as a lead candidate for breast cancer therapy.

The Effect of Booklet-Based Education on Knowledge Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Participating in the Prolanis Program at Lima Kaum I Public Health Center, Tanah Datar Regency.

Jihan Shasika Rani, Yelly Oktavia Sari , Fatma Sri Wahyuni — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion or function. The prevalence of T2DM is increasing globally, including in Indonesia. However, patients’ knowledge regarding disease management remains relatively low. Continuous education is considered an essential strategy to improve disease control. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of education using booklet media on improving knowledge among T2DM patients enrolled in the Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis) at Lima Kaum I Public Health Center, Tanah Datar Regency. Methods: The study employed a pretest-posttest control group design involving a total of 48 respondents, divided into an intervention group (received the booklet) and a control group. The research instrument used was the SDKS INA 1 questionnaire to assess patients’ knowledge. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test and the Wilcoxon test. Results: showed a significant increase in patients' knowledge after the educational intervention using the booklet (p=0.000; p<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, booklet media is proven to be an effective educational tool for enhancing knowledge among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Combination Formulation of Lotus Leaf (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Powder and Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale) Powder in Tea Bag Preparation as a Health Beverage

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: Indonesia is a tropical country with high humidity that supports the growth of various plants, including medicinal herbs such as lotus leaves and ginger. Objective: This study aims to formulate a combination of powdered lotus leaves (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) and powdered ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) into tea bag preparations and to evaluate their quality. Methods: The study employed an experimental method. Testing was conducted based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) parameters for tea bags, including organoleptic evaluation, moisture content test, total ash content test, acid-insoluble ash test, water-soluble extractive test, and hedonic test. Results: The concentrations of lotus leaf powder and ginger powder formulated were 100:0 (F0), 90:10 (F1), 80:20 (F2), 70:30 (F3), 60:40 (F4), and 50:50 (F5). The hedonic test results indicated that formula F5 (50:50) was the most preferred by the panelists compared to other formulas, with the highest average score. However, overall, the commercial tea (positive control) still obtained a higher preference score. Conclusion: The combination of lotus leaf powder and ginger rhizome powder was successfully formulated into tea bag preparations. Formula F5 (50:50) was selected as the best among all tested formulations, although its preference level remained lower than that of commercial tea.

Health Promotion Strategy through the PHBS Programme: A Study at the Sarolangun District Health Office, Jambi Province

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The purpose of this research is to explore in more depth all matters related to the Health Promotion Strategy through the PHBS Programme, namely Health Education, Disease Prevention and Health Protection. This type of research is qualitative research. Research involves in-depth interviews, document review, and direct observation. The informants in this study were the Head of Public Health, the holder of the health promotion programme and the community in Sarolangun. In this study, triangulation was employed by asking questions to informants and by examining written documents and field circumstances to validate the interview results. Processing research data with the in-depth interview method. The results showed that the health education strategy had an impact on individual behaviour, achieved through mass media, collaboration with puskesmas, doctors, and community groups. The disease prevention strategy has a positive effect on increasing community awareness and participation in disease prevention through health screening programs, immunisation, and environmental hygiene campaigns, which elicit a positive community response. The health protection strategy focuses more on providing hygiene facilities, forming health protection policies, and collaborating across sectors. However, challenges such as limited infrastructure and low community compliance need to be addressed through educational approaches, facility expansion, and stricter supervision to ensure programme sustainability and greater community impact.

Analysis of Escherichia coli and Chemical Substances in Corn Ice Beverages

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The addition of inappropriate food additives (BTM) such as artificial sweeteners, and synthetic dyes which are added intentionally by food vendors is one of the problems that cause food not suitable for consumption because it can cause health problems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dyes, sweeteners and E.coli in corn ice drinks sold in Pakam. The study design uses qualitative laboratory analysis. The population in this study is the corn ice traders in the city of Lubuk Pakam, amounting to 5 traders. The sample consisted of 5 traders who were in the Regent's Office, Galang Street, Segangular Field, Labu Beach and Ahmad Dahlan Street. The work procedure is by checking the coloring agent, sweetener and Escerichia coli examination. The results of laboratory tests revealed that the coloring agents in samples A and E contained Tartrazine and in samples B, C and D contained Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow, sweeteners were found in samples C and E and in samples A, B and D were not found to contain artificial sweeteners and 5 samples (100%) showed a total value of escerichia coli <3 APM / ml per ml sample. The conclusion in this study is that corn ice drinks sold in the city of Lubuk Pakam use coloring agents and sweetening agents that are permitted based on the Republic of Indonesia Ministerial Regulation No. 033 of 2012 and containing Escerichia coli of <3 APM / ml are still within the allowed limits in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and the Head of Indonesian National Drug and Food Control Agency Regulation No. HK.00.06.1.52.4011.

Risk Factors for Stunting in Toddlers in the Mogang Community Health Center Work Area, Palipi District, Samosir Regency in 2024

Fri, 10 Oct 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Based on the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) in Samosir Regency, the prevalence of stunting was 22.4%, with Palipi District recording the highest rate. As of August 2024, the incidence of stunting in Palipi District reached 14.34% (182 toddlers). Although there has been a decline, stunting remains a priority program in Samosir Regency. Objective: This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with the incidence of stunting among toddlers in the working area of Mogang Public Health Center, Palipi District. Method: This research employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach conducted in the working area of Mogang Public Health Center in 2024. The study sample consisted of 93 mothers with toddlers, selected using accidental sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square test), and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. Results: The bivariate analysis revealed significant relationships between maternal nutritional status (p=0.000), parenting pattern (p=0.000), maternal education level (p=0.000), family income level (p=0.002), and household sanitation conditions (p=0.000) with the incidence of stunting. However, multivariate analysis identified only three dominant and independent variables: maternal education level (p=0.014; Exp(B)=26.410), parenting pattern (p=0.001), and household sanitation condition (p=0.023). Conclusion: Maternal education level, parenting pattern, and household sanitation are proven to be the dominant factors influencing stunting. Mothers with low education levels are 26 times more likely to have stunted children. Preventive efforts should prioritize interventions targeting these three factors through focused health education programs.

Pharmacological Potential of the Genus Chloranthus as Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Anti-inflammatory Agents: A Systematic Review

Muhammad Wildan Firdaus, Haryoto — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

The Chloranthus genus (Chloranthaceae family) has been traditionally used in Asian medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent, but recent scientific exploration reveals broader pharmacological potential. This systematic review aims to evaluate the latest experimental evidence on the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Chloranthus-derived compounds and elucidate their molecular mechanisms. Studies were selected through structured database searches using specific keyword combinations and screened using rigorous inclusion-exclusion criteria. The findings highlight a predominance of sesquiterpenoids, particularly lindenane-type (monomers, dimers, and trimers), which consistently exhibit anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Antioxidant activity through the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells were also frequently reported. Notably, several compounds demonstrated dual actions, suppressing both ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production and proinflammatory cytokines, emphasizing their relevance in treating diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. These results support Chloranthus as a promising natural source of multitarget bioactive compounds. Future research should adopt a multidisciplinary approach to further elucidate molecular targets, validate in vivo efficacy, and explore novel biological resources.

The Effect of Shared Decision Making on Glucose and HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Literature Review

Febriana Hilmawati, Hidayah Karuniawati — Tue, 19 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with a high global prevalence, requiring comprehensive and patient-centered care. Shared Decision Making (SDM) is a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers that has been associated with improved treatment adherence and clinical outcomes in chronic diseases. Objective: This literature review aimed to evaluate the impact of SDM on glycemic control, particularly blood glucose and HbA1c levels, in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus databases using specific keywords, limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 2015 and 2025. Inclusion criteria included adult patients with type 1 or type 2 DM, SDM as the primary intervention, and HbA1c or blood glucose levels as clinical outcomes. Results: Five RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Most studies reported a decrease in HbA1c in the intervention group, although only one study showed a statistically significant within-group reduction. No consistent significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups. However, SDM was positively associated with improved patient engagement, satisfaction, and the quality of communication. Conclusion: While evidence regarding the direct impact of SDM on HbA1c remains inconclusive, SDM appears to enhance patient participation and therapeutic communication in diabetes care. Further standardized and long-term studies are needed to confirm its clinical effectiveness.

Unintended Medication Discrepancies (UMD) During Transfer Reconciliation in the Context of Low and Middle Income Countries: A Narrative Review

Aprilia Husain , Miski Aghnia Khairinisa , Widya Norma Insani — Sun, 24 Aug 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Unintended medication discrepancies (UMD) frequently occur during transitions of care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the healthcare system often lacks standardized protocols, integrated information systems, and trained clinical pharmacists. This narrative review aims to explore the prevalence, characteristics, and contributing factors of UMD across LMICs based on analysis of 10 selected studies. Omission was the most frequently reported type of discrepancy, especially among elderly patients with complex therapy regimens. Factors influencing the occurrence of UMD include polypharmacy, inadequate documentation, absence of medication reconciliation protocols, limited pharmacist involvement, and poor inter-facility communication. Despite systemic limitations, studies demonstrate that pharmacist-led interventions can significantly reduce the incidence of UMD, even in resource-limited settings. Comparative analysis with studies from developed countries reveals that digital tools, standardized policies, and integrated pharmacist roles greatly enhance medication safety during transitions of care. The review concludes that addressing UMD in LMICs requires a multi-faceted approach, including national policy development, pharmacist integration into clinical teams, implementation of context-appropriate digital systems, and strengthening pharmacy education. These strategies are crucial for improving patient safety and reducing preventable adverse drug events related to medication discrepancies.

Exploration of the Relationship Between Quality of Life and Medication Beliefs with Non-Adherence in Hemodialysis Patients

Sulistia Suryaman, Zakky Cholisoh — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Poor medication adherence is common among hemodialysis patients and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, factors such as health-related quality of life (QoL) and medication beliefs remain underexplored as determinants of non-adherence in this population. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence regarding the relationship between QoL, medication beliefs, and pharmacological non-adherence in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) for observational studies published between January 2015 and July 2, 2025. Studies were included if they involved adult hemodialysis patients and examined QoL and/or medication beliefs concerning pharmacological non-adherence. Results: Six observational studies, encompassing 1,698 hemodialysis patients from various countries, met the inclusion criteria. The synthesised evidence indicated that poorer QoL (particularly depression and poor sleep quality), higher burden of physical symptoms, and specific medication beliefs (e.g., concerns about side effects and low perceived necessity of medications) were significantly associated with increased non-adherence. Conclusion: Non-adherence among hemodialysis patients is influenced by the complex interaction of psychosocial factors, including QoL and individual medication beliefs. To improve adherence, interventions should be developed to target these factors through health education, psychological support, and patient-centred care. Further integrative and contextual research is needed to strengthen understanding and develop more effective interventions.

Drug-Related Problems in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Literature Review

Muhammad Zaini Fahmi, Hidayah Karuniawati, Wan Ismahanisa Ismail — Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality, with a continuously increasing health burden. The complexity of long-term therapy in COPD increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs), which can affect patient clinical outcomes. This literature review was conducted descriptively by searching articles in the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases using keywords related to DRPs and COPD. The selection was made on publications from the last 10 years (2015–2025) relevant to the topic and available in full text. Based on studies by Li et al., (2019) and Apikoglu-Rabus et al., (2016), the classification of DRPs according to PCNE V9.0 mainly included aspects of medication safety (54.2%), inappropriate drug selection (up to 8.7%), excessive dosage (19.9%), excessive duration of therapy (17.7%), and errors in the drug use process (up to 63.3%). Patient factors such as non-compliance (25%) and incorrect inhalation techniques were the main contributors to the occurrence of DRPs. Inappropriate use of medications, drug-herb interactions, and lack of therapy monitoring were also consistently found. The findings suggest that DRPs significantly worsen symptom control and increase the risk of exacerbations. Pharmacists are critical in identifying, preventing, and managing DRPs through patient education, therapy review, and ongoing therapy monitoring. DRPs in COPD patients are a serious challenge that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Ongoing education, monitoring of therapy rationality, and collaboration between healthcare professionals are needed to improve patient safety and the effectiveness of COPD treatment.

Literature Review: Synthesis and Effectiveness Analysis Chalcone Compounds and Their Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents

Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Chalcones are flavonoid compounds that have attracted attention in the development of antibacterial agents. This literature review aims to examine the synthesis and effectiveness of chalcone compounds and their derivatives as antibacterials. Through descriptive analysis, chalcone synthesis was carried out using several methods, one of which was the condensation between benzaldehyde and acetophenone, followed by structural modification to produce various chalcone derivatives. The antibacterial activity of chalcone compounds and their derivatives was tested against bacteria such as S. aureus, E. coli, B. substillis, and other types of bacteria. The results of the review of several literatures obtained online through Google, Google Scholar, and Publish or Perish were carried out using the keywords "Synthesis", "Chalcone", and "Antibacterial" with publications from the last 10 years (2014-2024) with a total of 8 references used. The study showed that changes in the structure of chalcones, such as the addition of hydroxyl and methoxy groups, can affect antibacterial activity. Some chalcone derivatives also showed promising antibacterial activity, although their effectiveness varied depending on the type of bacteria tested.

Incidence of Drug-Related Problems in Inpatients with Diabetes Mellitus Based on PCNE Criteria: A Literature Review

Rizkina Elistya Febriani, Hidayah Karuniawati, Anees Ur Rahman — Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Non-communicable chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) are a significant health burden worldwide. In the treatment of DM patients, long-term drug use is inevitable and increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). The presence of DRPs can affect the effectiveness of therapy and the risk of side effects in hospitalized DM patients. This review aims to evaluate various studies conducted on DRPs in hospitalized DM patients based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) classification. A systematic search of relevant articles in the last 10 years through the SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Irrelevant studies, review articles, and no data on DRP classification using PCNE or outpatients will be excluded. The review found four articles discussing DRP classification using PCNE in hospitalized DM patients. The number of DRPs varied, ranging from 253 to 873 cases. The proportion of patients experiencing at least one DRP was also relatively high, ranging from 48.1% to 84.5%. The most common problem was treatment ineffectiveness (P1.2), which accounted for more than half of the DRPs in the three studies reviewed, namely 62.0%, 79.6%, and 52.7%. The most common cause of DRPs came from the patient-related domain (C7.1) at 71.85%. Other domains that caused DRPs were the Drug use domain (C6.1) at 62.0%, other domains (C9) at 40.9%, the drug selection domain (C1.6) at 26%, and the dose selection domain (C3.5) at 25.9%. The occurrence of DRPs is a significant problem in the management of diabetes mellitus, especially in the hospital environment. The ineffectiveness of therapy is the main problem of DRPs. The high number of DRPs from other domains indicates that many causes of DRPs are not classified explicitly in the PCNE category.

Article Review: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Sample Preparation Comparison in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (SSA) Instrument for Analyzing Lead Metal

Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Lead (Pb) is a hazardous substance that has the potential to damage human health and the environment. This article evaluates the effectiveness of two sample preparation methods, namely wet digestion and dry digestion, in analyzing lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) through a literature review, obtaining data using Google Scholar's “Publish or Perish” feature with the keywords lead, AAS, sample preparation, and method validation. Inclusion criteria are journals published within the last 10 years, while exclusion criteria are journals that use methods other than AAS, focusing on other metals, or do not involving sample preparation methods involving destruction. The wet destruction method involves dissolving the sample in acid, while the dry destruction method uses high-temperature heating to form dry ash. The dry destruction method demonstrates better analytical performance than wet destruction, based on the parameters of recovery (98.5–104.2%), accuracy (absolute deviation <2%), and precision (%RSD <5%). These results indicate that dry destruction provides more accurate, precise, and consistent analysis, as well as more reliable quantification of elements such as heavy metals, compared to wet destruction, which tends to produce variations between replicates. Therefore, the dry destruction method is recommended for lead analysis using SSA because it is more effective and efficient.

Literature Review: Effect of Thin Layer Chromatography Method Parameters for Identification of Caffeine in Coffee

Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The rising consumption of coffee in Indonesia necessitates reliable methods for caffeine analysis to ensure product quality and safety. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a simple, effective, and polarity-based technique widely used for the qualitative identification of compounds like caffeine in coffee. However, the results of TLC analysis are highly dependent on several methodological parameters. Objectives: This literature review aims to identify and analyze the critical parameters of the TLC method—including the mobile phase, stationary phase, visualization techniques, and sample preparation—that influence the effectiveness of caffeine identification in coffee. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using online databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Semantic Scholar, and Crossref). Articles from the last ten years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in nine primary studies for in-depth analysis. Results: The review confirms that silica gel 60 F254 is the most effective stationary phase. The composition of the mobile phase is crucial; a mixture of dichloromethane:methanol (9.5:0.5) was found to be optimal for separating caffeine, yielding Rf values within the ideal range of 0.3–0.7. Visualization under UV light at 254 nm successfully detected caffeine as dark spots. Sample preparation techniques, particularly reflux and ultrasonic extraction, significantly enhanced extraction efficiency and detection sensitivity. Factors such as mobile phase stability, spotting technique, and sample matrix were also identified as key influencers on the chromatographic results. Conclusion: TLC is an efficient and cost-effective method for the qualitative identification of caffeine in coffee. Its success is determined by the optimization of critical parameters, primarily the mobile phase composition. While excellent for initial screening, TLC requires complementary techniques for precise quantitative analysis. Future work should focus on standardizing these parameters to improve the reproducibility and reliability of caffeine analysis using TLC.

Artikel review: Aktivitas Farmakologi Dan Potensi Bioaktif Daun Sirih Cina (Peperomia pellucida L.(Kunth.))

Razoki, INE Lister, Maya Sari Mutia — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth (sirih cina) is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat various ailments. Its broad pharmacological potential needs to be consolidated from various publications to provide a comprehensive overview. Objective: This review aims to analyze and synthesize recent scientific evidence on the pharmacological activities, bioactive compounds, and potential applications of Pperomia pellucida. Methods: This systematic review was conducted by searching electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus) using relevant keywords. From the search results, 21 original research articles published between 2015-2025 that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Results: The analysis revealed that Peperomia pellucida possesses diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, and osteogenic effects. These activities are supported by bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Its ethanolic extract has proven effective in in vitro and in vivo tests, including in topical formulations like creams and acne serums. Preliminary safety profiles indicate non-toxic properties. Conclusion: Peperomia pellucida shows great potential as a natural raw material for developing herbal medicines and cosmetics. Further research, such as human clinical trials and the development of technology-based formulations, is necessary to ensure its long-term safety and efficacy.