Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

Antidiabetic Potential of Tea Bags Containing Tinospora crispa (L.) Extract and Stevia rebaudiana Prepared Using Wet-Granulation Co-Processing

Alfiatul Khasanah , Nawafila Februyani , Atika Nirmala — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder requiring practical herbal therapies with controlled physical quality. Tinospora crispa (L.) is known to possess antidiabetic potential through its alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid constituents, while Stevia rebaudiana serves as a natural low-calorie sweetener and may offer additional metabolic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics and antidiabetic potential of tea bags containing a combination of Tinospora crispa (L.) extract and Stevia rebaudiana powder prepared using wet-granulation co-processing technique. Methods: Three formulations were developed with varying concentrations of Tinospora crispa (L.) extract at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Extraction was performed using an ultrasonic-assisted method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Physical quality evaluation included moisture content, weight uniformity, brewing time, infusion pH, and homogeneity. An exploratory in vivo test was conducted on 15 alloxan-induced Swiss Webster mice (n=3 per group) over 7 days. Statistical analysis employed One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test at α=0.05 significance level. Results: The extract yield was 39.07%. All formulations demonstrated homogeneity with uniform fill weight of 2 g per bag. Significant differences among formulations were observed in moisture content (*p*=0.001; η²=0.895), brewing time (*p*=0.006; η²=0.822), and infusion pH (*p*=0.031; η²=0.687). In the in vivo study, the positive control and all formulation groups showed a tendency toward decreasing blood glucose levels, whereas the negative control group exceeded the glucometer detection limit (>500 mg/dL) from day 5 to day 7. The formulation containing 10% extract (F2) demonstrated the largest descriptive reduction from 210.67 to 88.00 mg/dL (58.23%). Conclusion: Variations in Tinospora crispa (L.) extract concentration affected several physical quality parameters; however, no single formulation was superior across all tested parameters. The in vivo findings suggest a tendency toward antidiabetic activity, yet further studies with larger sample sizes, placebo controls, active compound standardization, and safety evaluations are required to confirm efficacy and elucidate the mechanism of action.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Community Attitude Towards Antibiotic Use at Megang Urban Village of Lubuklinggau City

Maifitrianti, Tuti Wiyati , Shinta Ayu Lestari — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: The irrational use of antibiotics has become a global concern due to its potential to trigger antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Various factors contribute to inappropriate antibiotic use, among which limited public knowledge about antibiotics plays a significant role. Understanding the relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use is essential for designing effective educational interventions, particularly in communities with limited access to health information. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use and to analyze the relationship between these two variables among the community in Megang urban village, Lubuklinggau City, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2023 involving 300 respondents selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire comprising three sections: sociodemographic characteristics (6 items), knowledge (12 items), and attitudes (8 items). Knowledge and attitude scores were categorized based on median values. The relationship between knowledge and attitude was analyzed using the Spearman Rho correlation test. Results: The majority of respondents (63.3%) demonstrated good knowledge regarding antibiotic use, while 50.3% exhibited positive attitudes. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.481; p < 0.001), indicating a moderate strength of association. This finding suggests that better knowledge is associated with more positive attitudes toward appropriate antibiotic use. Conclusion: A significant positive relationship exists between the level of knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use in the study population. These findings underscore the importance of implementing structured educational interventions, particularly at primary healthcare facilities, to enhance both knowledge and attitudinal aspects of antibiotic use, thereby contributing to the prevention of antimicrobial resistance

Dominant Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Chronic Kidney Failure Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Diah Kartika Putri , Salsabila Jelita , Vicko Suswidiantoro , Hardono — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis experience various physical, psychological, and social disturbances that negatively impact their quality of life. While hemodialysis sustains life, this study aimed to identify respondent characteristics and analyze the influence of age, gender, education, occupation, hemodialysis frequency, and duration of hemodialysis on the quality of life of CKD patients undergoing the procedure, as well as to determine the most dominant factor influencing their quality of life. A non-experimental research design with a cross-sectional approach was employed. The study involved 65 respondents selected via purposive sampling and was conducted at the Hemodialysis Unit in February 2026. Data were collected using the KDQOL-SF 36 questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson Correlation, Independent T-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Multiple Linear Regression. Bivariate analysis results indicated that age (p=0,004), occupation (p=0,005), and duration of hemodialysis (p=0,014) were significantly associated with the quality of life of CKD patients, whereas gender (p=0,656) and education level (p=0,117) showed no significant association. Multivariate analysis revealed that the duration of hemodialysis was the most dominant factor influencing patients' quality of life (β=6,781; p=0,028), with the model explaining 25% of the variation in quality of life (R²=0,25). Thus, the duration of hemodialysis is the dominant factor affecting the quality of life of CKD patients; the longer patients undergo hemodialysis therapy, the better their ability to adapt to the disease and treatment, leading to a tendency for improved quality of life.

Effect of Atorvastatin Therapy on Blood Glucose Levels in Hospitalized Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Diabetes Mellitus

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Background: The use of atorvastatin in patients with stroke as a primary preventive therapy may be associated with an increased risk of elevated blood glucose levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on changes in blood glucose levels in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: An analytical observational study with a retrospective design was conducted among 28 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke at Bhayangkara Hospital, Kediri City, from March to April 2024. Inclusion criteria comprised patients aged >15 years, with a history of diabetes mellitus, receiving atorvastatin therapy, and having available blood glucose data before and three days after treatment initiation. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test to assess normality and the paired sample t-test to evaluate changes in blood glucose levels. Results: A total of 64,29% of patients experienced an increase in blood glucose levels; however, statistical analysis demonstrated no significant difference between blood glucose levels before and after atorvastatin administration (231.64 ± 99.039 vs 231.50 ± 61.425 mg/dL; Δ = −0.14 mg/dL; p= 0.993). Conclusion: Atorvastatin therapy was not associated with statistically significant changes in random blood glucose levels. However, the high proportion of patients with increased blood glucose warrants further prospective investigation.

The Relationship Between Family Support and the Quality of Life of Filariasis Patients in North Aceh Regency

Cut Nana , Rizka Sofia , Wizar Putri Mellaratna — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori infection, leading to permanent lymphatic dysfunction with lymphedema and hydrocele as major complications. This chronic condition significantly impairs patients' quality of life (QoL), necessitating adequate family support for disease management and psychosocial adaptation. North Aceh Regency represents one of the highest filariasis-endemic areas in Aceh Province, Indonesia, yet empirical evidence on the relationship between family support and QoL among filariasis patients in this specific cultural context remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family support and quality of life among lymphatic filariasis patients in North Aceh Regency, Indonesia. Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2023 involving 54 filariasis patients selected through total sampling from 21 sub-districts in North Aceh Regency. Data were collected using the Perceived Social Support from Family (PSS-Fa) questionnaire and the WHOQoL-BREF instrument through structured interviews. Statistical analysis employed Fisher's exact test to examine the association between family support and QoL, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The majority of respondents were of productive age (66.7%), female (59.3%), and employed (61.1%). Family support was predominantly strong (70.4%), while overall QoL was mostly moderate (48.1%). Dimensional analysis revealed good physical health (42.6%) and psychological (46.3%) domains, whereas social (44.4%) and environmental (63.0%) domains were moderate. Fisher's exact test demonstrated a significant relationship between family support and quality of life (p=0.000), with 70.3% of respondents with strong family support reporting good-to-moderate QoL compared to only 3.7% with weak family support. Conclusion: There is a significant positive association between family support and quality of life among filariasis patients in North Aceh Regency. Strengthening family-based support systems may serve as an effective strategy to improve QoL outcomes in filariasis-endemic communities, particularly within the socio-cultural context of Acehnese society.

Anti-Acne Activity of Jamblang Seed (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) Ethanol Extract in Emulgel Preparation

Misrahanum Misrahanum , Rena Novita Rezeki , Hilda Maysarah — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Jamblang (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) contains antibacterial compounds and can be formulated into an emulgel form. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of ethanolic extract from jamblang seeds, develop emulgel formulations, and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The extraction was performed using 96% ethanol through maceration, followed by phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing using the well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. Antibacterial testing of jamblang seed extract against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at various concentrations demonstrated significant inhibition. The emulgel formulations were prepared using jamblang seed extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, with 3% HPMC as the gelling agent. The emulgel exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with the largest inhibition zones observed in the 15% formulation (F3), measuring 21.44 ± 0.21 mm against S. aureus and 19.02 ± 0.60 mm against S. epidermidis. Stability tests showed that the organoleptic properties and homogeneity remained stable. The pH, viscosity, adhesion, and spreadability tests met the criteria for quality preparations, and irritation tests showed no adverse skin reactions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in antibacterial activity among all emulgel formulations. In conclusion, Formula F3 (15% extract) showed the best antibacterial activity and met all physical evaluation parameters, confirming that the jamblang seed emulgel is a high-quality and safe formulation. A paired t-test showed all parameters were statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Cytotoxicity of Ethanol Extract of Robusta Coffee Leaves (Coffea canephora) in Vero cells

Mastuti Widianingsih , M. Rofi Putra Bani , Putri Amalia — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Robusta coffee leaves (Coffea canephora) contain various bioactive compounds that may serve as natural antioxidants and potential phytopharmaceutical agents. The objective of this research to evaluate the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee leaves and to determine the relationship between antioxidant activity and cell viability. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, while cytotoxicity was evaluated on Vero cells using the MTT assay over a concentration range of 31.25-500 µg/mL. Vitamin C and doxorubicin were used as positive controls. The ethanol extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀value of 22.456 µg/mL, while vitamin C showed an IC₅₀ value of 4.217 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity testing demonstrated low toxicity toward Vero cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 1512.857 µg/mL, whereas doxorubicin exhibited an IC₅₀ value of 60.052 µg/mL. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between antioxidant activity and Vero cell viability (r = −0.93, p = 0.024). Despite this correlation, cell viability remained above 100% at all tested concentrations, indicating the absence of cytotoxic effects on normal mammalian cells. These findings suggest that the ethanol extract of robusta coffee leaves possesses potent antioxidant activity while maintaining a favorable safety profile, supporting its potential to be futher development as a source of natural antioxidants and phytopharmaceutical candidate.

Efficacy of Nothopanax sculleturium (mangkokan leaf) and Colocasia esculenta L. (taro stalk) ointment in the healing of male rabbit incised wounds.

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Nothopanax scutellarium (mangkokan leaves) and Colocasia esculenta L. (taro petioles) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids, which play essential roles in wound healing. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a topical ointment containing a combination of ethanolic extracts of mangkokan leaves and taro petioles on incised wound healing in male rabbits. Methods: A laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted using three ointment formulas (10%:5%, 7.5%:7.5%, and 5%:10%), alongside positive (povidone-iodine) and negative controls. Wound length was measured daily for 10 days. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: All formulations significantly accelerated wound healing compared with the negative control (p < 0.05). The 5%:10% formulation achieved complete wound closure on day 7, showing a statistically significant difference from the positive control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of mangkokan leaf and taro petiole extracts effectively promotes incised wound healing, with the 5%:10% formula demonstrating the most optimal effect. These findings support the potential of developing this herbal ointment as a safe and efficient antiseptic alternative.

Topical Application of Red Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis) as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Gingivitis: Effects on Clinical Indices and Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 : A Double blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Study

Dinda Ratna Juwita , Hirowati Ali , Cimi Ilmiawati — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingiva caused by dental plaque accumulation. Scaling root-planing (SRP) is the gold standard therapy for gingivitis; however, its long-term effectiveness may be limited due to bacterial recolonization and plaque re-accumulation after treatment. Red Palm Oil (RPO) (Elaeis guineensis) contains bioactive compounds with potential as an adjunctive therapy following SRP. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of topical RPO application as an adjunctive therapy after SRP on changes in clinical parameters and salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels in gingivitis patients. Methods: This study utilized a randomized controlled trial design. A total of 40 gingivitis patients were randomly assigned into two groups: the control group (n=20), receiving SRP with placebo application, and the RPO group (n=20), receiving SRP followed by topical RPO application. The evaluated parameters included Gingival Index (GI), Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), and salivary MMP-8 levels. Statistical analyses were performed using parametric and nonparametric tests according to data distribution. Results: Significant differences in GI and OHI-S changes were observed between the control and RPO groups (p<0.05), with a greater reduction in clinical parameter scores in the RPO group. Analysis of salivary MMP-8 levels showed a decrease after intervention in both groups; however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Topical application of Red Palm Oil as an adjunctive therapy after SRP has the potential to improve clinical periodontal parameters in gingivitis patients. However, the additional effect of RPO on changes in salivary MMP-8 levels has not demonstrated a statistically significant difference compared with SRP alone.

Anti-Aging Effectiveness test of Hibiscus Flower Extract (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) in Clay Mask Dosage Form

Tetty Noverita Khairani , Khairani Fitri , Luthvia, Leny, Faizah Rahman — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: Skin aging is a natural degenerative process triggered by internal and external factors, particularly oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. contains flavonoid and anthocyanin compounds which have potential as natural antioxidants to inhibit the skin aging process. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a clay mask containing ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers and to test its anti-aging effectiveness on skin condition parameters. Methods: This experimental study involved the preparation of clay masks with three variations of extract concentrations: 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2), and 10% (F3). Physical quality evaluations included homogeneity, pH, stability, drying time, emulsion type, and irritation tests. Anti-aging effectiveness testing was conducted on 15 female volunteers aged 35–60 years using a skin analyzer over 4 weeks with once-weekly application. Measured parameters included moisture, evenness, pore size, spots, and wrinkles. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test. Results: All formulas met the physical quality requirements with pH values of 6.4–6.7, homogeneous, stable during 12 weeks of storage, and caused no irritation. Formula III (10% concentration) demonstrated the best anti-aging effectiveness with increases in moisture content of 67.5%, decreases in roughness of 42.3%, decreases in pore size of 30.9%, decreases in spots of 32.4%, and decreases in wrinkles of 36.0% after 4 weeks of treatment. However, the effectiveness of Formula III remained lower than that of the commercial clay mask. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis can be formulated as a stable and safe anti-aging clay mask. The 10% concentration formula exhibited the best effectiveness in improving skin aging parameters, although further formula optimization is still required to approach the effectiveness of commercial products.

Therapeutic Potential of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Extract in Diabetes Type-2 Management: A Literature Review

Arvilla Henarta Putri , Yennie Agnes Pranata — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by insulin resistance, aberrant insulin secretion, and persistent hyperglycemia. There are different treatments existing but there is a need for complementary. Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) medicinal herb with bioactive substance having antidiabetic property. The purpose of this study was to aimed Portulaca oleracea L. therapeutic potential, bioactive components, and underlying processes in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The literature review was developed through a comprehensive examination of published journal articles retrieved from major academic databases, including Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and ScienceDirec. Many studies have demonstrated that Portulaca oleracea L. possesses significant antidiabetic effect. These seem to result from insulin-sensitizing,a generalized, suppression of NF-κB-related inflammation, AMPK pathway stimulation/activation of eNOS expression in general, gut bacteria regulation effects, and carbohydrate digesting inhibition; whether by glycemic index level processes use/alleviation of those responses as an energy expenditure process. The dose effective in animal studies is between 50 and 500 mg/kg/day. Immediate clinical trials (1.0–1.8 g/day) demonstrate powerful improvements of fasting glucose, HbA1c lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress marker. Portulaca oleracea L. showed promise as an additional treatment for type 2 diabetes. Its bioactive components work in concert to address a variety of pathogenic targets. To validate the best therapeutic use, standardized extraction procedures and extensive clinical dose-finding studies are required.

Clinical Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Antibiotic Response Variability in Patients with Renal Impairment: A Systematic Review

Ariska Deffy Anggarany , Wafa, Rifaldi Saputra — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700

Introduction: Renal impairment affects the pharmacokinetics of various antibiotics eliminated through the renal route, potentially leading to drug accumulation, toxicity, or therapeutic failure if doses are not appropriately adjusted. The variability in antibiotic response in this population remains a clinical challenge due to the complexity of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, degree of renal dysfunction, comorbidities, and dosing strategies. Objective: This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between clinical pharmacokinetic parameters and antibiotic response variability in adult patients with renal impairment, as well as to identify implementable PK/PD-based individualized therapy strategies. Methods: A literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library (2016–2026) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies involving adult patients (≥18 years) with renal impairment that reported PK/PD parameters and clinical outcomes were included. A narrative synthesis was performed on 18 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Renal function is a major determinant of antibiotic exposure, particularly for renally eliminated drugs. PK/PD parameters such as AUC/MIC, trough concentration, and %fT>MIC play important roles in assessing therapeutic adequacy, although their association with clinical outcomes is not always consistent due to population heterogeneity, infection severity, and differences in dosing strategies. Higher vancomycin exposure is consistently associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity. PK/PD-based individualized approaches through therapeutic drug monitoring, Bayesian forecasting, and model-informed precision dosing have been shown to improve target concentration attainment and reduce toxicity risk. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with antibiotic response variability in patients with renal impairment, with more consistent relationships observed for toxicity than for efficacy. Integration of PK/PD-based individualized dosing strategies into routine clinical practice is necessary to optimize antibiotic therapy effectiveness and safety, supported by the development of comprehensive predictive models in this population.