Efek Nefroptotektif Ekstak Etanol Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) Pada Tikus Yang Diinduksi Rifampicin
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Latar Belakang: Nefrotoksisitas yang diinduksi obat, khususnya oleh rifampisin yang merupakan obat antituberkulosis lini pertama, merupakan penyebab signifikan dari disfungsi ginjal akut. Pencarian agen nefroprotektif yang efektif dan aman untuk memitigasi efek samping ini sangat diperlukan, dan bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) dengan kandungan antioksidannya yang potensial muncul sebagai kandidat yang menjanjikan.. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek nefroprotektif ekstrak etanol bawang putih (EEBP) pada tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi rifampisin berdasarkan parameter kadar kreatinin serum, berat relatif ginjal, dan gambaran histopatologi. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental in vivo menggunakan 25 ekor tikus yang dibagi secara acak menjadi lima kelompok: (KI) kontrol normal (aquadest); (KII) kontrol negatif (rifampisin 100 mg/kgBB intraperitoneal); serta tiga kelompok perlakuan (KIII, KIV, KV) yang mendapat rifampisin 100 mg/kgBB dan EEBP dengan dosis 50, 120, dan 300 mg/kgBB secara oral. Perlakuan diberikan selama 10 hari. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar kreatinin serum, berat relatif ginjal, dan skor kerusakan histopatologi (degenerasi, nekrosis, infiltrasi sel radang). Hasil: Induksi rifampisin (KII) menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan kadar kreatinin serum (1,28 ± 0,79 mg/dL) dibandingkan kontrol normal (0,57 ± 0,05 mg/dL) (p<0,001). Pemberian EEBP dosis 50, 120, dan 300 mg/kgBB menurunkan kadar kreatinin secara signifikan (masing-masing 0,53±0,05; 0,51±0,18; 0,51±0,04 mg/dL). Berat relatif ginjal kelompok KII tertinggi (1,6%), sedangkan kelompok perlakuan mendekati nilai normal. Analisis histopatologi menunjukkan skor kerusakan tertinggi pada KII (skor 2; 25-50%), sedangkan kelompok perlakuan, terutama dosis 300 mg/kgBB, menunjukkan skor kerusakan paling ringan (skor 1; 5-25%). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol bawang putih memiliki efek nefroprotektif terhadap kerusakan ginjal yang diinduksi rifampisin pada tikus, yang ditunjukkan oleh penurunan kadar kreatinin serum, perbaikan berat relatif ginjal, dan perbaikan struktur histopatologi. Efek protektif ini bersifat dependen dosis, dengan dosis 300 mg/kgBB menunjukkan hasil paling optimal.
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