The Effect of Extraction Methods of Chinese Jatropha (Jatropha multifida L.) Leaves by Maceration and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) on the Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Page: 868-881
Abstract
Introduction: Indonesia possesses high biodiversity, including the Jatropha multifida L. plant, which contains secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Traditionally, the leaves of Jatropha multifida have been used as herbal medicine, particularly for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves and to compare the effectiveness of two extraction methods, maceration and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: The research stages included the characterization of the powdered simplicia, extraction of Jatropha multifida leaves using 96% ethanol by maceration and MAE methods, and phytochemical screening. The total flavonoid content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 431 nm. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans was tested for each extract at specific concentrations. Results: The ethanol extract obtained through maceration showed a total flavonoid content of 34.7089 ± 0.1206 mg QE/g, while the MAE method yielded 32.1923 ± 0.1113 mg QE/g. The highest antifungal activity was observed in the MAE extract at a 75% concentration, producing an inhibition zone of 24.7 mm. The maceration extract at the same concentration produced an inhibition zone of 23.7 mm. As a positive control, 2% ketoconazole resulted in an inhibition zone of 31.4 mm. Conclusion: Although the maceration method produced a higher total flavonoid content, the extract obtained through the MAE method demonstrated more potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans at the same concentration.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Makhfirah N, Fatimatuzzahra C, Mardina V, Fanani Hakim R. Pemanfaatan Bahan Alami Sebagi Upaya Penghambat Candida albicans Pada Rongga Mulut. J Jeumpa 2020;7:400–13. https://doi.org/10.33059/jj.v7i2.3005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33059/jj.v7i2.3005
Simanjuntak HA, Butar - Butar M. Uji Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Dan Pityrosporum ovale. Eksakta J Penelit Dan Pembelajaran MIPA 2019;4:91. https://doi.org/10.31604/eksakta.v4i2.91-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31604/eksakta.v4i2.91-98
Ricky Febri M, Yunilda Rosa. Aktivitas Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Umi Wortel (Daucus carota L.) Terhadap Jamur Candida albicans. J Kesehat J Ilm Multi Sci 2022;12:34–40. https://doi.org/10.52395/jkjims.v12i01.341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52395/jkjims.v12i01.341
Kautsari SN, Humaedi A, Wijayanti DR, Safaat M. Kadar Total Fenol dan Flavonoid Ekstrak Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata) Melalui Metode Ekstraksi Microwave. ALCHEMY J Penelit Kim 2021;17:96. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.46497.96-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.46497.96-104
Handaratri A, Yuniati Y. Kajian Ekstraksi Antosianin dari Buah Murbei dengan Metode Sonikasi dan Microwave. Reka Buana J Ilm Tek Sipil Dan Tek Kim 2019;4:63. https://doi.org/10.33366/rekabuana.v4i1.1162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33366/rekabuana.v4i1.1162
Kristanti Y, Widarta IWR, Permana IDGM. Pengaruh Waktu Ekstraksi Dan Konsentrasi Etanol Menggunakan Metode Microwave Assisted Ekstraktion (MAE) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Rambut Jagung (Zea mays L.). J Ilmu Dan Teknol Pangan 2019;8:94. https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i01.p11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i01.p11
Sènou M, Lokonon JE, Abissi EO-TR, Agbogba F, Dehou RJ, Espérance M, et al. Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity of the Sap and Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Jatropha multifida Linn. J Biosci Med 2022;10:171–82. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.107013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.107013
Putri AYS, Purwanta M, Indiastuti D, Kawilarang AP. Antibacterial Activity Test of Jatropha Multifida L. Sap Against Staphylococcus Aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in Vitro. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol 2021;15:2015 20. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15611
S TO, O OO, C OA, B OA, A MT. Assessment of Antioxidant Potentials of Functional Parts of Medicinal Plant (Jatropa Multifida). GSC Biol Pharm Sci 2020;11:191 6. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.1.0100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.1.0100
N NC, A OC, E ON, Aqib F. Phytochemical Analysis and in Vitro Screening of Antifungal Activity of Jatropha Multifida, Euphorbia Hirta, Occimum Gratissimum and Mitracarpus Scaber Leaves Extract. GSC Biol Pharm Sci 2021;14:98 112. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0023
Sari PK, Lukmayani Y, Mulkiya K, Farmasi P, Matematika F, Alam P, et al. Studi Literatur Pemanfaatan Jarak Cina ( Jatropha multifida L .) sebagai Antibakteri 2022:1103–8.
Dah-Nouvlessounon D, Chokki M, Agossou EA, Houédanou J-B, Nounagnon M, Sina H, et al. Polyphenol Analysis via LC-MS-ESI and Potent Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities of Jatropha Multifida L. Extracts Used in Benin Pharmacopoeia. Life 2023;13:1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13091898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13091898
Nadia N, Ifora I, Kardela W. Phytochemical and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Jatropha Multifida L.: A Review. Int J Pharm Sci Med 2023;8:21 7. https://doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2023.v08i07.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2023.v08i07.002
Mohammed AE, Al‐Keridis LA, Rahman I, Alotaibi MO, Suliman RS, Al‐Rajhi AMH, et al. Silver Nanoparticles Formation by Jatropha Integerrima and LC/MS-QTOF-Based Metabolite Profiling. Nanomaterials 2021;11:2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092400
DepKes R. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi Ketiga 1979:33.
DepKes R. Materia medika Indonesia Edisi Keempat 1989:538–41, 550.
Depkes RI. Materia Medika (Indonesia Medical Materials). 1989.
Yasa IGT, Putra NK, Wiadnyani AAIS. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Etanol Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum Ruitz & Pav) Menggunakan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). J Ilmu Dan Teknol Pangan 2019;8:278. https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p06. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p06
Yeti A, Yuniarti R. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Herba Rumput Bambu (Lopatherum gracile Brongn.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Visible. FARMASAINKES J Farm Sains, Dan Kesehat 2021;1:11–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32696/fjfsk.v1i1.812
Susiloningrum D, Mugita Sari DE. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Temu Mangga ( Curcuma Mangga Valeton & Zijp ) Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Pelarut. Cendekia J Pharm 2021;5:117–27. https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v5i2.148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v5i2.148
Nur Safitri A, Qurrohman MT. PerbandinganPertumbuhan Jamur Candida albicans Pada Media Alami Jagung, Singkong Dan Ubi Jalar Kuning. J Indones Med Lab Sci 2022;3:97–107. https://doi.org/10.53699/joimedlabs.v3i2.76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53699/joimedlabs.v3i2.76
Rieska Alfiah R, Khotimah S, Turnip M. Efektivitas Ekstrak Metanol Daun Sembung Rambat (Mikania micrantha Kunth) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida albicans. Protobiont Progr Stud Biol Fak MIPA, Univ Tanjungpura, Pontianak 2015;4:52–7.
Maulana RN, Zulfa F, Setyaningsih Y. Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan. Semin Nas Ris Kedokt 2020 2020;1:1–7.
Listina O, Cahyanta AN, Rejeki DS, Putrawan FS. Aktivitas Anti Jamur Senyawa Bioaktif Ekstrak Etil Asetat dan Metanol Daun Jeruk Purut (Cytrus Hystrix) terhadap Candida Albican. J Penelit Ilmu Kesehat 2023;1:1–9.
Kinasih LK, Idamawati Nababan, Suci Erawati, Rouli Natasia M Simanjuntak. Effectiveness of Jatropha multifida L. Leaves Extract as Antibacterial on Streptococcus mutans using In Vitro Testing Methods. Biomed J Indones 2021;7:415 21. https://doi.org/10.32539/bji.v7i2.384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32539/bji.v7i2.384
Depkes RI. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1995.
Wadli, Hasdar M. Ekstraksi Beras Hitam Sirampog Berbantu Gelombang Mikro (Microwave Assisted Extraction (Mae)). J Pengolah Pangan 2021;6:49–53. https://doi.org/10.31970/pangan.v6i2.49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31970/pangan.v6i2.49
Pujiastuti E, El’Zeba D. Perbandingan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 70% Dan 96% Kulit Buah Naga Merah Hylocereus polyrhizus) Dengan Spektrofotometri. Cendekia J Pharm 2021;5:28–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v5i1.131
Oliveira NNT De, Lemos ASO, Pereira AP de O, Fabri RL, Chedier LM. Antifungal Activity of Latex and Lupenone from Jatropha Multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae). Rev Virtual Química 2019;11:1579–90. https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20190110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20190110
Aransiola MN, Ehikhase C, Mmegwa JC, Wahab IO. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Jatropha Multifida (Ogege) Sap Against Some Pathogens. Iosr J Pharm Biol Sci 2014;9:53 7. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09415357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09415357
The Efficacy of Jatropha Multifida in Managing Oral Candidiasis: A Preliminary Study. Internet J Altern Med 2007;4. https://doi.org/10.5580/23e. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5580/23e