Formulation and Physical Characterization of Nanopropolis (Trigona sp.) Hydrogel Acne Patch from Balikpapan
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder with a high prevalence among adolescents and young adults. Long-term use of topical antibiotics may contribute to antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the need for alternative topical agents such as propolis. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical characteristics of a hydrogel acne patch containing nanopropolis (Trigona sp.) from Balikpapan. Propolis nanoemulsion was prepared using a self-nanoemulsifying approach and incorporated into four formulations: F0 (base control), F1 (nanoemulsion control), F2 (2.5% nanopropolis), and F3 (5% nanopropolis), using an HPMC-based solvent-casting method. Evaluations included organoleptic properties, folding endurance, thickness, weight uniformity, pH, and moisture absorption. The nanoemulsion showed a mean transmittance of 96.97 ± 0.34%, while all patch formulations had folding endurance >1000 folds, thickness of 0.405–0.494 mm, weight coefficient of variation <5%, pH of 6.26–6.32, and moisture absorption of 6.82–9.56%. All formulations met the predefined physical quality criteria. Formulations containing nanopropolis showed an increase in thickness, mean weight, and moisture absorption, while pH remained within the physiological range of skin. These findings indicate that Trigona sp. nanopropolis can be incorporated into an HPMC-based hydrogel acne patch with acceptable physical characteristics for further topical development.
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