I Profil pelepasan nanoemulsi ekstrak etanol daun Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) secara in vitro
Isi Artikel Utama
Page: 2835-2845
Abstrak
Daun jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) mengandung senyawa bioaktif, terutama flavonoid, yang berpotensi dikembangkan dalam sistem penghantaran berbasis nano. Penelitian ini bertujuan memformulasikan nanoemulsi ekstrak etanol daun jamblang, mengevaluasi karakteristik fisikokimianya, serta menentukan profil dan kinetika pelepasan kuersetin sebagai senyawa penanda secara in vitro. Ekstrak diperoleh melalui maserasi dengan etanol 70% dan diformulasikan sebagai nanoemulsi minyak-dalam-air menggunakan virgin coconut oil, Tween 80, Span 80, propilen glikol, dan air. Karakterisasi meliputi organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, ukuran droplet, indeks polidispersitas (PDI), dan potensial zeta. Pelepasan kuersetin diuji menggunakan membran dialisis dalam medium buffer pH 4,5 dan dikuantifikasi dengan spektrofotometri UV–Vis. Data pelepasan dianalisis menggunakan model orde nol, orde satu, Higuchi, Hixson–Crowell, dan Korsmeyer–Peppas. Nanoemulsi memiliki pH 4,34 ± 0,09, viskositas 137,3 ± 1,10 mPa·s, ukuran droplet 88,46 ± 3,46 nm, PDI 0,05, dan potensial zeta +1,027 ± 0,65 mV. Pelepasan kumulatif kuersetin mencapai 99,56% pada menit ke-90. Di antara model yang diterapkan pada keseluruhan kurva pelepasan, model orde satu memberikan kesesuaian terbaik (R² = 0,9776; k = 0,0589 menit⁻¹). Hasil ini menunjukkan sistem berukuran nano dengan distribusi droplet sempit dan pelepasan kuersetin yang cepat pada kondisi uji pH 4,5; generalisasi ke kondisi pH fisiologis lain masih memerlukan pengujian lebih lanjut.
Unduhan
Rincian Artikel

Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Referensi
Qamar M, Akhtar S, Ismail T, Wahid M, Abbas MW, Mubarak MS, et al. Phytochemical profile, biological properties, and food applications of the medicinal plant Syzygium cumini. Foods. 2022;11:378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030378.
Wang H, Chen Y, Wang L, Liu Q, Yang S, Wang C. Advancing herbal medicine: enhancing product quality and safety through robust quality control practices. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1265178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1265178.
Imran A, Ye S, Li JA, Ajaj R, Rauf A, Ahmad Z, et al. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization of phenolic compounds in the stem, roots, and leaves of Syzygium cumini and their antioxidant potential. Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13:e70112. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70112.
Fernandes JM, Silvestre C, Zucolotto SM, Antih J, Vaillant F, Echallier A, et al. Flavonoids as markers in herbal medicine quality control: current trends and analytical perspective. Separations. 2025;12:289. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12110289.
Frenț OD, Stefan L, Morgovan CM, Duteanu N, Dejeu IL, Marian E, et al. A systematic review: quercetin—secondary metabolite of the flavonol class, with multiple health benefits and low bioavailability. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:12091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212091.
Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C, et al. Nanoemulsion: an emerging novel technology for improving the bioavailability of drugs. Scientifica (Cairo). 2023;2023:6640103. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6640103.
Jacob S, Kather FS, Boddu SHS, Shah J, Nair AB. Innovations in nanoemulsion technology: enhancing drug delivery for oral, parenteral, and ophthalmic applications. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16:1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333.
Khalid A, Arshad MU, Imran A, Khalid SH, Shah MA. Development, stabilization, and characterization of nanoemulsion of vitamin D3-enriched canola oil. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1205200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1205200.
Iskandar B, Liu TW, Mei HC, Kuo IC, Surboyo MDC, Lin HM, et al. Herbal nanoemulsions in cosmetic science: a comprehensive review of design, preparation, formulation, and characterization. J Food Drug Anal. 2024;32:428-58. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3526.
Putri VS, Ikhsan AN, Martien R, Adhyatmika A. Validation of UV-Vis spectrophotometric method to determine drug release of quercetin loaded-nanoemulsion. Indones J Pharm. 2023;34:272-9. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.4454.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2017.
Kurniawan DW, Darmawan AB, Oktaviana FA, Meilandari AR, Baroroh HN. Antifungal activity of Cinnamomum burmanii essential oil nanoemulsion against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans isolated from otomycosis patients. Farmacia. 2025;73:210-21. https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2025.1.22.
Zhang H, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Cui Y, et al. Tanshinone IIA and quercetin loaded nanoemulsion-thermogel composite system for enhanced acne management: in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2026;116:107918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107918.
Ikramina N, Rehana R, Prasetya RA, Kurniawan DW. Formulation and evaluation of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf extract nanoemulgel against Propionibacterium acnes. Borneo J Pharm. 2024;7:374-84. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v7i4.5977.
Erawati T, Isadiartuti D, Anggalih BD. The effect of polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80 on the solubility of quercetin. J Public Health Afr. 2023;14:2503. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.2503.
Ariraman S, Seetharaman A, Babunagappan KV, Sudhakar S. Quercetin-loaded nanoarchaeosomes for breast cancer therapy: a ROS mediated cell death mechanism. Mater Adv. 2024;5:6944-56. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MA00258J.
Pourtalebi Jahromi L, Ghazali M, Ashrafi H, Azadi A. A comparison of models for the analysis of the kinetics of drug release from PLGA-based nanoparticles. Heliyon. 2020;6:e03451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03451.
Heredia NS, Vizuete K, Flores-Calero M, Pazmiño VK, Pilaquinga F, Kumar B, et al. Comparative statistical analysis of the release kinetics models for nanoprecipitated drug delivery systems based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). PLoS One. 2022;17:e0264825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264825.
Aziz A, Ayesha A, Sinangling BA, Azzahro GN, Insani M, Hidayah H. Potensi tumbuhan jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) sebagai antileishmanial berdasarkan senyawa aktif: literature review artikel. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan. 2023;9:21-5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7676994.
Pawarti N, Iqbal M, Ramdini DA, Yuliyanda C. Pengaruh metode ekstraksi terhadap persen rendemen dan kadar fenolik ekstrak tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Medula. 2023;13:590-3. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v13i4.774.
Faradilla M, Fidrianny I, Iwo MI. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of ethanol extracts from Syzygium cumini L. Skeels and Pogostemon cablin Benth. Narra J. 2024;4:e918. https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v4i3.918.
Liu L, Abiol KAE, Friest MA, Fisher KD. Synergistic stabilization of nanoemulsion using nonionic surfactants and salt-sensitive cellulose nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15:4682. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244682.
Ozogul Y, Karsli GT, Yazgan H, Kuley E, Oztop HM, Ozogul F, et al. Enhanced pathogen control through thymol and carvacrol nanoemulsions: a microfluidization approach. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2025;18:5377-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-025-03759-z.
Pengon S, Chinatangkul N, Limmatvapirat C, Limmatvapirat S. The effect of surfactant on the physical properties of coconut oil nanoemulsions. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2018;13:409-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2018.02.005.
Gurpreet K, Singh SK. Review of nanoemulsion formulation and characterization techniques. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2018;80:781-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000422.
Choi SJ, McClements DJ. Nanoemulsions as delivery systems for lipophilic nutraceuticals: strategies for improving their formulation, stability, functionality and bioavailability. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2020;29:149-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-019-00731-4.
Gupta A, Eral HB, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter. 2016;12:2826-41. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SM02958A.
Sobel JD, Borroto-Esoda K, Azie N, Angulo D. In vitro pH activity of ibrexafungerp against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida isolates from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65:e00562-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00562-21.
Tarik Alhamdany A, Saeed AMH, Alaayedi M. Nanoemulsion and solid nanoemulsion for improving oral delivery of a breast cancer drug: formulation, evaluation, and a comparison study. Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29:1278-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.09.016.
Shah K, Chan LW, Wong TW. Critical physicochemical and biological attributes of nanoemulsions for pulmonary delivery of rifampicin by nebulization technique in tuberculosis treatment. Drug Deliv. 2017;24:1631-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2017.1384298.