Tinjauan Sistematis Potensi Efek Gastroprotektif dan Antimikroba dari Genus Sterculia, beserta Mekanisme Kerja
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Gangguan gastrointestinal, khususnya tukak peptik dan gastritis yang dipicu infeksi Helicobacter pylori, tetap menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang kian diperberat oleh meningkatnya resistensi antimikroba terhadap terapi eradikasi standar. Genus Sterculia (Malvaceae) telah lama digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk mengatasi gangguan tersebut, namun bukti ilmiah mengenai efikasi dan mekanisme fitokimianya belum dikaji secara sistematis. Tinjauan sistematis ini disusun mengacu pada pedoman PRISMA 2020 dengan pendekatan PICO, menelusuri literatur dari PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, dan Google Scholar, serta menilai kualitas artikel menggunakan instrumen Young and Solomon. Sepuluh artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis secara naratif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol biji Sterculia nobilis menghambat tukak lambung terinduksi reserpin hingga 65,1% pada dosis 400 mg/kgBB, mendekati efikasi ranitidin, melalui penurunan sekresi asam lambung, modulasi neuropeptida serum, dan peningkatan aktivitas superoksida dismutase. Gom Sterculia urens terbukti berfungsi ganda sebagai matriks penghantaran obat gastroretentif dan agen antioksidan intrinsik. Aktivitas antimikroba terkonfirmasi pada beberapa spesies, dengan senyawa fraxetin pada Sterculia quadrifida menghambat bakteri patogen saluran cerna secara signifikan, sementara Sterculia foetida menunjukkan potensi antijamur terhadap Candida spp. Tiga mekanisme utama penangkapan radikal bebas, modulasi neuropeptida, dan proteksi mukosa berbasis polisakarida, mendasari efek gastroprotektif genus ini. Namun, ketiadaan uji klinis dan evaluasi langsung terhadap Helicobacter pylori menjadi keterbatasan utama. Temuan ini memberikan landasan ilmiah bagi pengembangan agen terapi gastrointestinal berbasis Sterculia, meskipun diperlukan penelitian praklinis dan klinis lebih lanjut untuk validasi efikasi dan keamanannya.
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Referensi
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