Dampak Tingkat Pendidikan, Persepsi Penyakit, Kualitas Pelayanan, dan Aksesibilitas terhadap Pemanfaatan Layanan Rawat Jalan Penyakit Dalam: Scoping Review
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Latar Belakang: Pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan rawat jalan, khususnya di bidang penyakit dalam, berperan penting dalam diagnosis dini, kontinuitas perawatan, dan luaran klinis pasien. Namun, disparitas pemanfaatan layanan ini masih menjadi tantangan akibat berbagai determinan yang saling terkait. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai pengaruh tingkat pendidikan, persepsi penyakit, kualitas pelayanan, dan aksesibilitas terhadap pemanfaatan layanan rawat jalan penyakit dalam. Metode: Studi ini merupakan scoping review yang mengikuti kerangka kerja Arksey dan O’Malley serta dilaporkan berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA-ScR. Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada basis data PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar untuk publikasi periode 2016–2026. Sebanyak 16 studi memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis. Hasil: Sebagian besar studi menggunakan desain kuantitatif potong lintang, sementara beberapa lainnya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode campuran. Tingkat pendidikan dilaporkan sebagai determinan signifikan pada 12 studi (71%), aksesibilitas pada 14 studi (82%), persepsi penyakit pada 8 studi (47%), dan kualitas pelayanan pada 6 studi (35%). Kombinasi faktor individu, psikologis, pelayanan, dan struktural terbukti memengaruhi pemanfaatan layanan. Tingkat pendidikan dan aksesibilitas merupakan determinan yang paling sering dilaporkan, sedangkan persepsi penyakit dan kualitas pelayanan berperan dalam membentuk perilaku pencarian layanan serta kontinuitas perawatan. Heterogenitas desain studi, pendekatan pengukuran, dan konteks sistem kesehatan menjadi keterbatasan utama. Kesimpulan: Pemanfaatan layanan rawat jalan penyakit dalam bersifat multidimensi dan memerlukan strategi terintegrasi, meliputi peningkatan literasi kesehatan, penguatan kualitas layanan yang berpusat pada pasien, serta pengurangan hambatan finansial dan geografis, guna mewujudkan pelayanan kesehatan yang lebih adil dan efektif.
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