Detection of Chemical Drug Substances (CDS) in Herbal Medicines for Shortness of Breath Circulating on e-Marketplaces Using a Combination of TLC and FTIR Methods
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Page: 223-236
Abstract
The circulation of herbal medicines through e-marketplaces raises serious safety concerns due to the illegal addition of chemical drug substances to provide rapid therapeutic effects. This study aimed to detect chemical drug substances, specifically theophylline and chlorpheniramine maleate, in herbal medicines marketed for shortness of breath using a combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Qualitative analysis was conducted through optimization and validation of TLC using two mobile phase systems, followed by two-dimensional chromatography to enhance separation selectivity. The optimized systems demonstrated adequate separation with acceptable resolution values. The results showed that all herbal medicine samples had retention factor (Rf) values comparable to the standard. FTIR confirmation showed typical absorption bands of chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) and theophylline, so that all samples (5 of 5) were declared positive for containing chemical drugs, with CTM identified in samples 1 and 4 and theophylline in samples 2, 3, and 5. These findings indicate that some herbal medicines circulating in e-marketplaces contain chemical drugs, which are not in accordance with the provisions of traditional medicine regulations.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
W. Nichairin and S. R. Mita, “Review Artikel : Identifikasi Bahan Kimia Obat (BKO) Dalam Sediaan Obat Tradisional Menggunakan Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis,” Farmaka, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 158, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.24198/farmaka.v21i2.45900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51817/bjp.v2i2.179
I. Indawati and et al, “Identification of Medicinal Chemicals in Herbal Medicine for Shortness of Breath in Cirebon Using Thin-Layer Chromatography Method,” J. Medisci, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 280–293, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.62885/medisci.v1i6.318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62885/medisci.v1i6.318
Halisah and et al, “Profil Penggunaan Obat Chlorpeniramine Maleat pada Balita di Kecamatan Haur Gading,” Heal. Res. J. Indones., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 91–95, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.63004/hrji.v1i3.72
Herdini and et al, “Analisis Teofilin Dalam Jamu Sesak Napas Sediaan Serbuk yang Beredar di Kota Bekasi Secara KLTp, Spektrofotometri UV/VIS dan FTIR,” TEKNOSAINS J. Sains, Teknol. dan Inform., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 100–108, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.37373/tekno.v8i2.101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37373/tekno.v8i2.101
H. R. Prasetyawan and et al, “Teknik Aplikasi Sampel Pada Pengujian Kuantitatif Kromatografi Lapis Tipis: Tinjauan Terhadap Area Dan Faktor Retensi,” Media Farm., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 143–150, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v20i2.655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v20i2.655
L. Wulandari and et al, “Pengembangan Dan Validasi Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Densitometri Untuk Penetapan Kadar Teofilin Dan Efedrin Hidroklorida Secara Simultan Pada Sediaan Tablet,” JKTI, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v15i1.100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v15i1.100
C. K. Sahoo and et al, “International Journal of Chromatography and Validation of Analytical Methods : A Review,” Int J Chromatogr Sep Tech, vol. 2018, no. 01, pp. 1–8, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.29011/IJCST-112.000012
Y. Malik, “Akurasi dan Presisi Analisis Kadar Nikel (Ni) pada Sampel Nikel Laterit Menggunakan X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF),” J. Kim. dan Pendidik. Kim., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 87–94, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.36709/sains.v12i2.47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36709/sains.v12i2.47
D. E. Oktaviantari and et al, “Identification of Hydroquinones in Cleaning Bleaching Soap Face at Three Beauty Clinics in Bandar Lampung with Thin Layer Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry,” J. Anal. Farm., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 91–97, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.33024/jaf.v4i2.2071
L. R. S. J. J. Kirkland, Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography Second Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1979.
M. Cid-hernández and et al, “Two-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography Designed to Separate and Locate Metabolites with Antioxidant Activity Contained on Spirulina platensis,” Int. J. Anal. Chem., vol. 2018, p. 9, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4605373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4605373
I. Nugroho and et al, “Tinjauan Kritis Kemampuan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) dalam Analisis dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Obat,” J. Ilm. Wahana Pendidik., vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 332–334, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13777154
E. G. C. Clarke, Ed., Chlorphenamine (Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons), 3rd ed., vol. 2. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2004.
E. G. C. Clarke, Ed., Theophylline (Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons), 3rd ed., vol. 2. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2004.
Nurfitriyana and et al, “Analisis Interaksi Kimia Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Tablet Gastrorentif Ekstrak Daun IONTech,” IONTech, vol. 03, no. 02, pp. 27–33, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.62702/ion.v3i2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62702/ion.v3i2.69
D. Kowalczuk and M. Pitucha, “Application of FTIR Method for the Assessment of Immobilization of Active Substances in the Matrix of Biomedical Materials,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 18, pp. 1–13, 2019, doi: 10.3390/ma12182972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182972
K. K. R. Indonesia, Farmakope Indonesia Edisi V. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2014.
A. A. A. F. Amara and et al, “Silica Gel Chromatographic Methods for Identification, Isolation and Purification of Gossypol Acetic Acid,” Gels, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1–14, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/ 10.3390/gels10070432 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070432
Y. Jiang and et al, “Finding a Suitable Separation Condition for TLC/FTIR Analysis by using Multiple-Narrow-Band TLC Technique,” RSC Adv., vol. 4, pp. 1–54, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13537G DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13537G
Dachriyanus, Analisis Struktur Senyawa Organik Secara Spektroskopi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2004.
D. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Typical IR Absorption Frequencies For Common Functional Groups,” Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University. https://www.niu.edu/clas/chembio/research/analytical-lab/ftir/ir-frequencies-table.shtml
LibreTexts., “Infrared Spectroscopy Absorption Table,” LibreTexts Chemistry. https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/22645
Y. W. Choi and et al, “Anaphylaxis to chlorpheniramine maleate and literature review,” Ann. Dermatol., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 438–441, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2019.31.4.438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2019.31.4.438
M. Elizabeth and T. Rusdiana, “Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) Teofilin sebagai Antiasma di Indonesia,” J. Farm. Sains Indones., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.vol6no1p33-38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.vol6no1p33-38
U. N. Rista and A. Y. Permana, “Reaksi Obat yang Tidak Diharapkan dari Penggunaan Teofilin akibat Interaksi dengan Obat Penghambat Enzim Sitokrom P450 1A2: Laporan Kasus,” Indones. J. Clin. Pharm., vol. 10, no. 2, p. 127, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15416/ijcp.2021.10.2.127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15416/ijcp.2021.10.2.127