Characterization, Screening, and Antibacterial Activity Assay of Ethanol Extract of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) Flowers Against Staphylococcus aureus
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Page: 1033-1046
Abstract
Background: Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) is a traditional medicinal plant with potential antibacterial properties due to its secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium causing various infections, and increasing antibiotic resistance necessitates alternative treatments. This study aims to explore the antibacterial potential of torch ginger flower ethanol extract against S. aureus. Objective: This research aimed to characterize the phytochemical content of torch ginger flowers, screen for bioactive compounds, and evaluate their antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Methods: The study employed an experimental design, including phytochemical screening, ethanol extraction (maceration), and antibacterial testing using the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. The ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibition zones of 11.9 mm (weak) at 10%, 16.1 mm (moderate) at 30%, and 21.3–22.5 mm (strong) at 50–90%. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (p < 0.05) between concentrations. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of torch ginger flowers demonstrated dose-dependent antibacterial activity against S. aureus, supporting its potential as a natural antibacterial agent.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Handayani SN, Purwanti A, Windasari W, Ardian MN. Uji Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kencana Ungu (Ruellia tuberosa L.). Walisongo Journal of Chemistry 2020;3:66. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v3i2.6119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v3i2.6119
Widyawati R, Astuti Mussa ORP, Sigit M, Geli BPL. efektivitas sediaan salep ekstrak bunga kecombrang (etlingera elatior) terhadap penyembuhan luka insisi pada tikus (Rattus norvegicus). VITEK : Bidang Kedokteran Hewan 2020;9:1–5. https://doi.org/10.30742/jv.v9i0.48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30742/jv.v9i0.48
Rahmiyani I, Fauziah S, Nuviana V, Hamidah M. Uji Aktivitas Anti Bakteri Penyebab Jerawat Sediaan Gel Facial Wash Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Diseminasi Penelitian 2023;3:2964–6154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33088/jp.v3i1.484
Soemarie YB, Apriliana A, Ansyori AK, Purnawati P. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol bunga kecombrang (etlingera elatior (jack) r. m.sm.) terhadap bakteri propionibacterium acnes. Al Ulum Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi 2019;5:13. https://doi.org/10.31602/ajst.v5i1.2469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31602/ajst.v5i1.2469
Nasution P, Marpaung JK, Suharyanisa S, Sitanggang R. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri salmonella thypi. Jurnal Farmanesia 2022;9:54–60. https://doi.org/10.51544/jf.v9i1.3430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51544/jf.v9i1.3430
Helmidanora R, Sukawaty Y, Miranti D, Prayoga T, Lisnawati N. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak bunga kecombrang (etlingera elatior (jack) r. m.sm.) terhadap bakteri staphylococcus aureus sp. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 2024;10:43–50. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v10i1.769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v10i1.769
Binugraheni R, Larasati NT. Antibacterial Activity Test of Leaves Kecombrang (Nicolaia speciosa) Ethanolic Extracts Against Staphylococcus Aureus. Journal of Health 2020;7:51 8. https://doi.org/10.30590/joh.v7i2.187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30590/joh.v7i2.187
Puspitasari E, Pratiwi CD, Novian DR, Turista DDR. Antibacterial Activity of Kecombrang (Etlingera Elatior) Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Edubiotik Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Dan Terapan 2022;7:36–42. https://doi.org/10.33503/ebio.v7i01.1663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33503/ebio.v7i01.1663
Utami AW, Ginaris RP, Yudianto T, Faizah NR, Wati DR. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol 96% Bunga Kecombrang Dalam Bentuk Formulasi Dan Sediaan Masker Gel. Jurnal Kesehatan Tujuh Belas (Jurkes TB) 2021;3.
Setyaningsih R, Prabandari R, Febrina D. Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Salep Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) Pada Penghambatan Propionibacterium acnes. Pharmacy Genius 2022;1:1 11. https://doi.org/10.56359/pharmgen.v1i01.143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56359/pharmgen.v1i01.143
Depkes RI. Cara Pembuatan Simplisia. 1985.
Departemen Kesehatan Indonesia. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III. 1979.
Pinarsi E, Syukrilla G. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi N-heksan, Etil Asetat Dan Air Daun Leunca (Solanum Nigrum L) Terhadap Bakteri (Staphylococus Aureus Dan Escherichia Coli). Indonesia Natural Research Pharmaceutical Journal 2021;6:11–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52447/inrpj.v6i1.1848
Ditjen POM DR. Farmakope Hebal Indonesia II. Depkes RI; 2017.
RI D. Parameter standar umum ekstrak tumbuhan obat : Jakarta Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Edisi IV 2000.
Depkes RI. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1995.
DepKes RI. Obat., Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Makanan, Derektorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan 2000.
Lestari T. Pengaruh Metode Dan Variasi Pelarut Ekstraksi Terhadap Kadar Polifenolat Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) rm sm). Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keperawatan, Analis Kesehatan Dan Farmasi 2015;12:88–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36465/jkbth.v12i1.68
Rahim F. Formulasi Bedak Tabur Dari Ekstrak Rimpang Rumput TEKI (Cyperus rotundus L.) Sebagai antiseptik. Jurnal Ipteks Terapan 2018;12:1. https://doi.org/10.22216/jit.2018.v12i1.2640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22216/jit.2018.v12i1.2640
Syahrani HD. Uji efektivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol bunga kecombrang (Etlingera Elatior) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30743/best.v4i2.4566
Sitorus E, Momuat LI, Katja DG. Aktivitas antioksidan tumbuhan suruhan (Peperomia pellucida [L.] Kunth). Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 2013;13:80. https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.13.1.2013.2116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.13.1.2013.2116
Sahidin S, Salsabila S, Wahyuni W, Fristiohady A, Imran I. Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Dan Senyawa Aromatik Dari Buah Wualae (Etlingera Elatior). Jurnal Kimia Valensi 2019;5. https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v5i1.8658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v5i1.8658
Depkes R. Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV 1995. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1995.
Fajriaty I, Hariyanto IH, Andres A, Setyaningrum R. Skrining fitokimia dan analisis kromatografi lapis tipis dari ekstrak etanol daun bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F.). Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika Dan Sains 2018:54–67.
Amira KJ. Formulasi Sediaan Serum Dari Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes Secara In Vitro. Program Studi S1 Farmasi STIKes Karya Putra Bangsa, Tulungagung 2021.
Harborne AJ. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. springer science & business media; 1998.
Yanti S, Vera Y. Skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi). Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah Indonesia (Indonesian Health Scientific Journal) 2019;4:41–6.
Saroinsong MS, Kandou F, Papu A, Singkoh M. Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Metanol Beberapa Jenis Porifera Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia Coli Dan Staphylococcus Aureus. Jurnal Mipa 2014;3:129. https://doi.org/10.35799/jm.3.2.2014.5989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35799/jm.3.2.2014.5989
Hasanah R uswatun, Yuziani Y-, Rahayu M. Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sukun (Artocarpus Altilis) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. Jurnal Ilmiah Manusia Dan Kesehatan 2023;6:11–8. https://doi.org/10.31850/makes.v6i1.1659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31850/makes.v6i1.1659
Puspadani N, Rustanti N, Fitranti DY. Total Bakteri Asam Laktat, Aktivitas Antioksidan, Dan Uji Penerimaan Yoghurt Sinbiotik Dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L). Journal of Nutrition College 2019;8:172 7. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v8i3.25807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v8i3.25807
Legistari M, Ramandha MEP, Pratiwi BYH. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bugenvil (Bougainvillea Glabra) Pada Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Biocity Journal of Pharmacy Bioscience and Clinical Community 2024;3:45 53. https://doi.org/10.30812/biocity.v3i1.4473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30812/biocity.v3i1.4473
Nursahfitri N, Amalia R, Fadillah Q. Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas Linn) Terhadap Bakteri Staphyloccocus aureus. (Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat) 2020;5. https://doi.org/10.37887/jimkesmas.v5i4.15059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37887/jimkesmas.v5i4.15059
Karisma EV. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus 2019;3:14–8. https://doi.org/10.46808/farmasindo.v3i2.20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46808/farmasindo.v3i2.20
Xie Y, Yang W, Tang F, Chen X, Ren L. Antibacterial activities of flavonoids: structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2015;22:132 49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140916113443
Nomer N, Duniaji AS, Nocianitri KA. kandungan senyawa flavonoid dan antosianin ekstrak kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) serta aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Vibrio cholerae. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan 2019;8:216–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i02.p12
Kováč J, Slobodníková L, Trajčíková E, Rendeková K, Mučaji P, Sychrová A, et al. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids and tannins in management of oral infectious diseases—a review. Molecules 2022;28:158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010158
Huang J, Zaynab M, Sharif Y, Khan J, Al-Yahyai R, Sadder M, et al. Tannins as antimicrobial agents: Understanding toxic effects on pathogens. Toxicon 2024:107812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107812
Ngajow M, Abidjulu J, Kamu VS. Pengaruh antibakteri ekstrak kulit batang matoa (Pometia pinnata) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro. Jurnal Mipa 2013;2:128–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35799/jm.2.2.2013.3121
Desai SD, Desai DG, Kaur H. Saponins and their biological activities. Pharma Times 2009;41:13 6.
Salasa AM, Sapitri DN, Lestari TR, Asyirah AN. Aktivitas Antibakteri Rebusan Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan. Media Farmasi 2018;14:13–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v14i1.79
Haleagrahara N, Tan J, Chakravarthi S, Rao M, Kulur AB. Protective Effect of Etlingera Elatior (Torch Ginger) Extract on Lead Acetate-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 2010;35:663 71. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.35.663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.35.663
Anzian A, Muhialdin BJ, Mohammed NK, Kadum H, Marzlan AA, Sukor R, et al. Antibacterial Activity and Metabolomics Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera Elatior Jack) Flower Oil Extracted Using Subcritical Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020;2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4373401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4373401
HAW KYEN, Chakravarthi S, Haleagrahara N, Rao M. Effects of Etlingera Elatior Extracts on Lead Acetate-Induced Testicular Damage: A Morphological and Biochemical Study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2011;3:99 104. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2011.355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2011.355
Sharifi‐Rad J, Hoseini‐Alfatemi SM, Sharifi‐Rad M, Silva JAT da. Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Crude Extract From Nitraria Schoberi Fruits. 3 Biotech 2014;5:677–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0266-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0266-1
Sukandar D, Fitriyanti M, Amelia ER, Riyadhi A, Azizah RN. Characterization of Chemical Constituent and Antibacterial Activity of Honje Fruit Skin (Etlingera Elatior) 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/icosat-17.2018.6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icosat-17.2018.6
Tan J, Haleagrahara N, Chakravarthi S. Antioxidant Effects of Etlingera Elatior Flower Extract Against Lead Acetate - Induced Perturbations in Free Radical Scavenging Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats. BMC Research Notes 2011;4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-67
Maser WH, Purwoko A, Yuliana ND, Lubis LM, Khatib A. GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Torch Ginger (Etlingera Elatior) Flowers Extract. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 2022;22:1014. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.72583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.72583
Fristiohady A, Wahyuni W, Ilyas M, Bafadal M, Purnama LOMJ, Sangadji F, et al. Nephroprotective Effect of Extract Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith on CCl4-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Current Research on Biosciences and Biotechnology 2020;1:62 5. https://doi.org/10.5614/crbb.2019.1.2/dapm6106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5614/crbb.2019.1.2/DAPM6106
Zubair MS, Khairunisa SQ, Widodo A, Nasronudin N, Pitopang R. Antiviral Screening on Alpinia eremochlamys, Etlingera flexuosa, and Etlingera acanthoides Extracts Against HIV-infected MT-4 Cells. Heliyon 2021;7:e06710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06710