Penentuan Kadar Etanol Dan Asam Laktat Dari Hasil Fermentasi Susu Kefir Kambing
Statistik artikel
Data OJS dan sumber sitasiTayangan dan unduhan adalah aktivitas yang tercatat di OJS; pemrosesan statistik dapat tertunda. Tanda — berarti angka dari sumber tersebut belum tersedia. Cari di Google Scholar
Isi Artikel Utama
Abstrak
Kefir susu kambing mengandung asam laktat dan etanol yang terbentuk melalui metabolisme simbiotik bakteri asam laktat dan khamir; namun, informasi mengenai perubahannya selama fermentasi berkepanjangan masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengarakterisasi akumulasi etanol selama enam hari fermentasi kefir susu kambing dan menentukan kadar asam laktat setelah 24 jam. Susu kambing (250 mL) dipanaskan pada 75 °C, diinokulasi dengan grain kefir 4% (b/v), dan difermentasi pada 25 ± 2 °C. Etanol diskrining menggunakan reaksi iodoform, kalium dikromat dalam suasana asam, dan esterifikasi, kemudian ditetapkan dengan spektrofotometri sinar tampak pada 443 nm setelah mikrodifusi Conway. Asam laktat ditetapkan menggunakan HPLC-UV pada 210 nm dengan buffer fosfat 50 mM (pH 2,8), laju alir 1 mL/menit, dan volume injeksi 20 µL. Nilai pH menurun dari 4,19 pada hari pertama menjadi 2,15 pada hari keenam, sedangkan kadar etanol meningkat dari 0,227 menjadi 0,657 g/dL (p<0,001). Kefir komersial mengandung etanol 0,453 g/dL. Model kalibrasi etanol dan asam laktat masing-masing menghasilkan R² 0,996; kadar asam laktat kefir 24 jam sebesar 3,923%. Fermentasi berkepanjangan dengan demikian menyebabkan pengasaman progresif yang disertai akumulasi etanol, dengan perubahan terbesar berlangsung selama tiga hari pertama. Temuan ini menegaskan waktu fermentasi sebagai determinan penting profil metabolit kefir susu kambing dan menjadi dasar bagi penelitian lanjutan menggunakan batch fermentasi independen serta metode analitik yang tervalidasi secara lengkap.
Rincian Artikel
Terbitan
Bagian

Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Cara Mengutip
Referensi
Fiorda FA, de Melo Pereira GV, Thomaz-Soccol V, Rakshit SK, Pagnoncelli MGB, Vandenberghe LPS, et al. Microbiological, biochemical, and functional aspects of sugary kefir fermentation—A review. Food Microbiol. 2017;66:86–95. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.004.
Bengoa AA, Iraporda C, Garrote GL, Abraham AG. Kefir micro-organisms: their role in grain assembly and health properties of fermented milk. J Appl Microbiol. 2019;126:686–700. doi:10.1111/jam.14107.
Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Terriente-Palacios C, García-Olmo J, Osorio S, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ. Combined metabolomic and NIRS analyses reveal biochemical and metabolite changes in goat milk kefir under different heat treatments and fermentation times. Biomolecules. 2024;14:816. doi:10.3390/biom14070816.
Azizi NF, Kumar MR, Yeap SK, Abdullah JO, Khalid M, Omar AR, et al. Kefir and its biological activities. Foods. 2021;10:1210. doi:10.3390/foods10061210.
M’hir S, et al. Comparison of milk kefirs obtained from cow’s, ewe’s and goat’s milk: antioxidant role of microbial-derived exopolysaccharides. Antioxidants. 2024;13:335. doi:10.3390/antiox13030335.
Park YW, Juárez M, Ramos M, Haenlein GFW. Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Rumin Res. 2007;68:88–113. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.013.
Ranadheera CS, Naumovski N, Ajlouni S. Non-bovine milk products as emerging probiotic carriers. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2018;131:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.01.009.
Walsh AM, Crispie F, Kilcawley K, O’Sullivan O, O’Sullivan MG, Claesson MJ, et al. Microbial succession and flavor production in the fermented dairy beverage kefir. mSystems. 2016;1:e00052-16. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00052-16.
Dertli E, Çon AH. Microbial diversity of traditional kefir grains and their role on kefir aroma. LWT. 2017;85:151–157. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2017.07.017.
Prado MR, Blandón LM, Vandenberghe LPS, Rodrigues C, Castro GR, Thomaz-Soccol V, et al. Milk kefir: composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1177. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01177.
Leite AMO, Miguel MAL, Peixoto RS, Rosado AS, Silva JT, Paschoalin VMF. Microbiological, technological and therapeutic properties of kefir: a natural probiotic beverage. Braz J Microbiol. 2013;44:341–349. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822013000200001.
Rusdhi A, Siswoyo P, Adelia T. Test the chemical quality of kefir from goat’s milk and cow’s milk with different fermentation times. J Pharm Sci. 2023;6:1626–1634. doi:10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i4.284.
Wulansari PD, Widodo, Sunarti, Nurliyani. Physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory evaluation of kefir produced from goat milk containing Lacticaseibacillus casei AP and/or oat milk during storage. Food Sci Technol. 2023;43:e127322. doi:10.5327/fst.127322.
Setiawati L, Rizqiati H, Susanti DS. Analisis rendemen, kadar alkohol, nilai pH dan total BAL pada kefir whey susu kambing dengan lama fermentasi yang berbeda. J Teknol Pangan. 2019;3:1–6.
Wihenti HR, Susanti S, Nurwantoro, Al-Baarri AN, Slamet YB. Pengaruh waktu fermentasi terhadap sifat fisikokimia kefir whey dari susu kambing. Warta IHP. 2021;38:54–60.
Sari M, Fajar N. Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif kandungan alkohol pada tapai ketan di Kota Batusangkar. Sainstek. 2018;10:33–36.
Nahak BRH, Aliah AI, Karim SF. Analisis kadar alkohol pada minuman beralkohol tradisional (arak) dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. J Sains Kesehat. 2021;3:448–454. doi:10.25026/jsk.v3i4.360.
Milagres MP, Brandão SCC, Magalhães MA, Minim VPR. Development and validation of the high performance liquid chromatography-ion exclusion method for detection of lactic acid in milk. Food Chem. 2012;135:1078–1082. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.047.
Chen YF, Wang JC, Yun ZY, Zhang HP. Study on organic acids in traditionally fermented milk by HPLC. China Dairy Ind. 2007;35:54–58.
International Council for Harmonisation. ICH Q2(R2): Validation of analytical procedures. Geneva: ICH; 2023.
Rutkowska J, Antoniewska-Krzeska A, Żbikowska A, Cazón P, Vázquez M. Volatile composition and sensory profile of lactose-free kefir. Molecules. 2022;27:5386. doi:10.3390/molecules27175386.
Bourrie BCT, Willing BP, Cotter PD. The microbiota and health promoting characteristics of the fermented beverage kefir. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:647. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00647.
Rosa DD, Dias MMS, Grześkowiak ŁM, Reis SA, Conceição LL, Peluzio MCG. Milk kefir: nutritional, microbiological and health benefits. Nutr Res Rev. 2017;30:82–96. doi:10.1017/S0954422416000275.
Marsh AJ, O’Sullivan O, Hill C, Ross RP, Cotter PD. Sequence-based analysis of the bacterial and fungal compositions of multiple kefir grains and milks. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069371.
Farag MA, Jomaa SA, El-Wahed AA, El-Seedi HR. The many faces of kefir fermented dairy products: quality characteristics, flavour chemistry, nutritional value, health benefits, and safety. Nutrients. 2020;12:346. doi:10.3390/nu12020346.
Alraddadi FAJ, Ross T, Powell SM. Evaluation of the microbial communities in kefir grains and kefir over time. Int Dairy J. 2023;136:105490. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105490.
Ströher JA, Oliveira WDC, de Freitas AS, Salazar MM, da Silva LDFF, Bresciani L, et al. A global review of geographical diversity of kefir microbiome. Fermentation. 2025;11:150. doi:10.3390/fermentation11030150.
Wang Y, Wang Z, Yu Y. Kefiran production by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens under conditions mimicking yeast activities in kefir grains. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1236634. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236634.
De Souza HF, Monteiro GF, Bogáz LT, Freire ENS, Pereira KN, de Carvalho MV, et al. Bibliometric analysis of water kefir and milk kefir in probiotic foods from 2013 to 2022: a critical review of recent applications and prospects. Food Res Int. 2024;175:113716. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113716.
Kurniawan R, et al. Kefir as a functional probiotic: microbial composition and therapeutic potential. Front Food Sci Technol. 2025;5:1725280. doi:10.3389/frfst.2025.1725280.





