Antifungal activity of hydrogel derived from Amusium pleuronectes (Windowpane Shell) chitosan against Malassezia furfur
Article metrics
OJS usage and citation sourcesViews and downloads are recorded by OJS; statistics processing may be delayed. A dash means the source count is unavailable. Search Google Scholar
Article Sidebar
Revi Mariska Ritonga, Ridwanto, Haris Munandar Nasution, Rafita Yuniarti (2026). Antifungal activity of hydrogel derived from Amusium pleuronectes (Windowpane Shell) chitosan against Malassezia furfur. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026). https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1866
Main Article Content
Abstract
Amusium pleuronectes shell waste was investigated as a source of chitosan for a topical hydrogel with activity against Malassezia furfur. Chitosan was isolated by deproteinization, demineralization, depigmentation, and alkaline deacetylation, characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and incorporated into hydrogels at nominal concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%, with a chitosan-free base as control. Physical properties were assessed over 21 days, and antifungal activity was evaluated by agar-well diffusion. The recovered material represented 24.30% of the initial shell mass, and its estimated degree of deacetylation was approximately 77%. All formulations retained their appearance without visible phase separation. Across formulations and observation times, pH ranged from 4.55 to 6.09, spread diameter from 5.1 to 5.8 cm, adhesion from 1.11 to 1.61 s, and apparent viscosity from 31,310 to 38,180 cP; pH, adhesion, and viscosity declined during storage. Mean inhibition zones were 11.57 ± 0.21, 13.33 ± 0.15, and 15.00 ± 0.10 mm for the 2%, 4%, and 6% formulations, respectively (three readings each). The base produced no inhibition halo, whereas the reported ketoconazole comparator value was 21.3 mm. The 6% formulation showed the greatest in vitro inhibition among the chitosan hydrogels, while the changes in physical properties indicate a need for further formulation optimization.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Kaushik N, Pujalte GGA, Reese ST. Superficial fungal infections. Prim Care 2015;42:501–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.004.
Karray M, McKinney WP. Tinea versicolor. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/ (accessed 20 September 2026).
Vest BE, Krauland K. Malassezia furfur. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553091/ (accessed 20 September 2026).
Galvis-Marín JC, Celis-Ramírez AM, Tabares-Villa FA, Zuluaga-Vélez A, Sepúlveda-Arias JC. Characterisation of antifungal resistance to azoles in Colombian isolates of Malassezia spp. Mycoses 2025;68:e70112. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.70112.
Budiyati, Omar SBA, Niartiningsih A, Widowati I, Kasim N, Yusuf M, et al. Habitat characteristics of Asian moon scallops (Amusium pleuronectes) in Makassar Strait and Bone Bay Waters, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 2024;25:3423–3430. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d251004.
Ridwanto, Daulay AS, Gurning K. Isolation and characterization of chitosan from sea and freshwater waste, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Rasayan J Chem 2022;15:780–785. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2022.1526721.
Mardiana U. Isolasi dan karakterisasi kitosan pada kerang darah (Anadara granosa). J BTH Med Lab Technol 2021;1:1–9. https://www.ejurnal.universitas-bth.ac.id/index.php/P3M_JBMLT/article/view/693 (accessed 20 September 2026).
Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, Arias C, Elorza B, Heras Caballero A, et al. Chitosan: an overview of its properties and applications. Polymers 2021;13:3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193256.
Poznanski P, Hameed A, Orczyk W. Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles: parameters enhancing antifungal activity. Molecules 2023;28:2996. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072996.
Kumar TP, Eswaraiah MC. Formulation and evaluation of topical hydrogel containing antifungal drug. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2020;8:249–254. https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00302.
Leong MY, Kong YL, Burgess K, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Recent development of nanomaterials for transdermal drug delivery. Biomedicines 2023;11:1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041124.
Rani Z, Ridwanto, Nasution HM, Kaban VE, Nasri N, Karo NB. Antibacterial activity of freshwater lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus) shell chitosan gel preparation against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Pharm Sci 2023;13:146–153. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2023.130216.
Ridwanto, Rosa VD, Rani Z, Fauzi ZPA. Utilization of chitosan from fresh water lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus) shells in anti-acne gel preparations. Trends Sci 2024;21:7243. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.7243.
Hasibuan NH, Ridwanto, Nasution HM, Rani Z. Antifungal activity of chitosan from bamboo shells (Solen corneus) in the production of hydrogel against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Pharm Sci 2025;8:1654–1673. https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.906.
Rizki D, Ridwanto, Rani Z. Isolasi dan identifikasi kitosan dari cangkang kerang bulu (Anadara antiquata). Media Farmasi 2023;19:74–80. https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v19i2.174.
Ozaki Y. Infrared spectroscopy—mid-infrared, near-infrared, and far-infrared/terahertz spectroscopy. Anal Sci 2021;37:1193–1212. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.20R008.
Weißpflog J, Vehlow D, Müller M, Kohn B, Scheler U, Boye S, et al. Characterization of chitosan with different degree of deacetylation and equal viscosity in dissolved and solid state – insights by various complimentary methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2021;171:242–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.010.
Munthe U, Ridwanto. Formulasi sediaan gel hand sanitizer dari ekstrak etanol daun malaka (Phyllanthus emblica L.) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. J Health Med Sci 2022;1:21–27. https://pusdikra-publishing.com/index.php/jkes/article/view/584 (accessed 20 September 2026).
Ahmed HA, El-Maradny YA, Shalaby MA, El-Menshawy H, Abd EL-Wahab AE. Isolation and characterization of chitosan from shrimp shell waste and the sustainable preparation of salicylic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for antibiofilm applications. Sci Rep 2025;15:19263. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03355-3.
Mei Z, Kuzhir P, Godeau G. Update on chitin and chitosan from insects: sources, production, characterization, and biomedical applications. Biomimetics 2024;9:297. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9050297.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. SNI 7949:2013. Kitosan—syarat mutu dan pengolahan. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional; 2013.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. SNI 7949:2022. Kitosan—syarat mutu dan pengolahan. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional; 2022. https://pesta.bsn.go.id/produk/detail/14288-sni79492022 (accessed 20 September 2026).
Leong C, Buttafuoco A, Glatz M, Bosshard PP. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Malassezia spp. with an optimized colorimetric broth microdilution method. J Clin Microbiol 2017;55:1883–1893. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00338-17.
Pratiwi A, Ridwanto. Uji toksisitas kitosan cangkang kerang tahu (Meretrix meretrix L) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). J Farm Klin Sains 2022;2:7–13. https://doi.org/10.26753/jfks.v2i2.984.