Antibacterial Activity Test of Mouthwash Formulation from Ethanol Extract of Senduduk Leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) on the Growth of Streptococcus mutans
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Page: 1556-1568
Abstract
Background: Dental caries is a common oral health problem caused by Streptococcus mutans. Antiseptic mouthwash containing natural ingredients like senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) shows potential as an alternative, as it contains antimicrobial compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins). Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of senduduk leaf ethanol extract mouthwash against S. mutans and evaluate its physical characteristics. Methods: This experimental study included: (1) ethanol extraction of senduduk leaves using 96% ethanol maceration, (2) simplicia characterization and phytochemical screening, (3) formulation of three mouthwash concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%), (4) preparation evaluation (organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity), and (5) antibacterial activity testing using the well diffusion method. Results: The mouthwash preparation met physical criteria as a light-to-dark brown liquid with pH 6.33-6.43 and viscosity of 4.833-5.726 cps. Antibacterial tests showed dose-dependent effects, with the highest inhibition zone in the 7.5% formula (18.53 mm; strong category). Conclusion: Senduduk leaf extract shows potential as an antibacterial active ingredient in herbal mouthwash against S. mutans in vitro, though further testing (in vivo/clinical trials) is needed to validate therapeutic claims.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Anastasia A, Yuliet Y, Tandah MR. Formulasi sediaan mouthwash pencegah plak gigi ekstrak biji kakao (Theobroma cacao L) dan uji efektivitas pada bakteri Streptococcus mutans. J Pharm 2017;3:85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2017.v3.i1.8144
Fatmawati DWA. Hubungan biofilm Streptococcus mutans terhadap resiko terjadinya karies gigi. STOMATOGNATIC-Jurnal Kedokt Gigi 2011;8:127–30.
Bontjura S. Uji efek antibakteri ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae l.) terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans. Pharmacon 2015;4.
Wilkinson JB, Moore RJ. Harry’s cosmeticology. vol. 749. Chemical Publishing; 1982.
Harun N. Uji Efektivitas Antiseptik Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) Terhadap Bakteri Isolat Mulut. J Sains Dan Kesehat 2022;4:268–74.
Febrianti E, Harun N. Uji Efektivitas Antiseptik Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) Terhadap Bakteri Isolat Mulut: Effectiveness Test of Mouthwash Antiseptic Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) Against Oral Isolate Bacteria. J Sains Dan Kesehat 2022;4:268–74.
Harun N, S E. Uji Efektivitas Antiseptik Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) Terhadap Bakteri Isolat Mulut: Effectiveness Test of Mouthwash Antiseptic Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) Against Oral Isolate Bacteria. J Sains Dan Kesehat 2022;4:268–74. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v4i3.1036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v4i3.1036
Ukirsari LPR, Muderawan IW. Penentuan Senyawa Saponin dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum. L). Pros. Semin. Nas. MIPA, 2015.
Andries JR, Gunawan PN, Supit A. Uji efek anti bakteri ekstrak bunga cengkeh terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. E-GiGi 2014;2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.2.2.2014.5763
Dirjen POM. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi. IV. Jakarta: Depkes RI; 1995.
DepKes R. Materia medika Indonesia Edisi Keempat 1989:538–41, 550.
Kemenkes.RI. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Edisi II. Jakarta: kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2017.
Wasitaatmadja SM. Penuntun ilmu kosmetik medik. Jakarta Penerbit Univ Indones 1997;3:58–9.
Sihotang LIR, Dalimunthe GI, Lubis MS, Yuniarti R. Formulasi eyeshadow kombinasi umbi bit (Beta vulgaris L.) dan rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) dalam perbandingan ekstrak dan nanoekstrak. J Pharm Sci 2024:776–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v7i4.723
Rafita RY, Nasution HM, Rani Z, Fahmi F. The Buas Buas Leaf Utilization of Buas Buas Leaf (Premna pubescens Blume) Ethanol Extract as Liquid Soap With Anti-Bacteria Activity. Int J Sci Technol Manag 2022;3:733–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v3i3.510
Yuniarti R. Skrining Fitokimia Dan Karakteristik Mutu Fisik Sediaan Obat Kumur Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.). Pros. Semin. Nas. Has. Penelit., vol. 5, 2022, p. 252–5.
Anggela N, Yuniarti R. Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Pasta Gigi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Senggani (Melastoma Malabathricum L) Untuk Perawatan Mulut. J Heal Med Sci 2022;1:19–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32696/fjfsk.v1i2.1111
Afni N, Said N, Yuliet. Uji aktivitas antibakteri pasta gigi ekstrak biji pinang (Areca catechu L. ) terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Staphylococcus aureus 2015;1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2015.v1.i1.7900
Handayani F, Sundu R, Sari RM. Formulasi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri streptococcus mutans dari sediaan mouthwash ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.). J Sains Dan Kesehat 2017;1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v1i8.62
Prestianti I, Baharuddin M, Sappewali S. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak sarang lebah hutan (Apis dorsata) terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ALCHEMY J Penelit Kim 2018;14:313–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.2.13028.314-322
Nurcholis PW, Mahendra FR, Gultom MF, Khoirunnisa S, Kurnia MAC, Harahap HH. Skrining Fitokimia, Antioksidan, Dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Orthosiphon Stamineus Dua Fenotipe. J Jamu Indones n.d.;7:121–9.
Meigaria KM, Mudianta IW, Martiningsih NW. Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak aseton daun kelor (Moringa oleifera). Wahana Mat Dan Sains J Mat Sains, Dan Pembelajarannya 2016;10:1–11.
Cahyaningsih E, Yuda PESK, Santoso P. Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) dengan metode spektrofotometri uv-Vis. J Ilm Medicam 2019;5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v5i1.851
Martiningsih NW, Widana GAB, Kristiyanti PLP. Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata) dengan metode DPPH. Pros. Semin. Nas. MIPA, 2016.
Mondong FR. Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun patikan emas (euprorbia prunifolia jacq.) dan bawang laut (proiphys amboinensis (l.) herb). J Mipa 2015;4:81–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35799/jm.4.1.2015.6910
Novita W. Uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi daun sirih (Piper Betle L) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus Mutans secara in vitro. JAMBI Med JOURNAL" J Kedokt Dan Kesehatan" 2016;4.
Aristina R, Chusniasih D, Susanti D. Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol dan Aseton Kulit Pisang Muli (Musa acuminata L.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. J Med Malahayati 2024;8:247–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/jmm.v8i1.12935
Sabir A. Aktivitas antibakteri flavonoid propolis Trigona sp terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans (in vitro). Maj Kedokt Gigi 2005;38:135–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v38.i3.p135-141
Kirtanayasa IGYA. Literatur review: Aktivitas antibakteri beberapa ekstrak tanaman terhadap bakteri Klebsiella Pneumonia. Gema Agro 2022;27:107–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/ga.27.2.5389.107-111
Nugraha R. Uji Evaluasi Fisik Pasta Gigi Ekstrak Daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta) dengan Natrium CMC sebagai Gelling Agent. Pharm Genius 2025;4:6–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56359/pharmgen.v4i1.675
Choiriah MCA. Uji Aktivitas Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya l) dan Daun Singkong (Manihot utilissima crantz) Sebagai Antibakteri Escherichia coli 2024.
SYAHIRRAH DWIP. Formulasi Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta Cranz) Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Pada Streptococcus mutans 2022.
Tumundo C, Wewengkang DS, Jumriadi J. Uji Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Spons Stylissa carteri dari Perairan Poopoh Minahasa Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa.: Antibacterial Potential Test Of Stylissa Carteri Sponge Extract From Poopoh Minahasa Waters Against Staphylococcus aureus And Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria. PHARMACON 2024;13:529–39.
Rahayuningsih SR, Patimah SS, Mayanti T, Rustama MM. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak n-heksana daun mangrove (Rhizospora stylosa Griff) terhadap bakteri patogen pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). J Mar Res 2023;12:1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v12i1.35657
Davis WW, Stout TR. Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay: I. Factors influencing variability and error. Appl Microbiol 1971;22:659–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/am.22.4.659-665.1971
Sumilat DA. Skrinning Aktivitas Antibakteri Beberapa Jenis Spons Terhadap Pertumbuhan Strain Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Ilm Platax 2019;7:1689–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.7.2.2019.26026
Rahmawati N, Sudjarwo E, Widodo E. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak herbal terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. J Ilmu-Ilmu Peternak 2014;24:24–31.
Silvia SA, Wibowo MA. Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Soma (Ploiarium alternifolium Melch) Terhadap Jamur Malassezia furfur dan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureu. J Kim Khatulistiwa 2015;4.