Integrating GC–MS Phytochemical Profiling and In Vivo Pharmacological Evaluation to Reveal the Antidiabetic Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Scleria sumatrensis Retz. in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.
Article metrics
OJS usage and citation sourcesViews and downloads are recorded by OJS; statistics processing may be delayed. A dash means the source count is unavailable. Search Google Scholar
Article Sidebar
Douglas Natan Pareta, Friska Mery Montolalu, Aprillia Vincensia Keno, Jabes Wolter Kanter, Joke Luis Tombuku, Christel Nataniel Sambou, Andri Natanel, Rahmat Santoso, Hariyadi, Alter Yantje Runtu (2025). Integrating GC–MS Phytochemical Profiling and In Vivo Pharmacological Evaluation to Reveal the Antidiabetic Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Scleria sumatrensis Retz. in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, JPS Volume 8 Nomor 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i4.1198
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study evaluated the antidiabetic activity and phytochemical profile of the ethanolic extract of Scleria sumatrensis Retz. Using an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg BW) after a 12-hour fasting period, and fasting blood glucose was measured at three standardized time points: GD1 (baseline), GD2 (72 hours post-induction), and GD3 (day 14 post-treatment). GC–MS analysis revealed several major constituents, including ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate, phytol, tocopherol, and β-sitosterol, which are associated with improved insulin sensitivity, modulation of PPAR-γ–related pathways, antioxidant protection of pancreatic β-cells, and reduced intestinal carbohydrate digestion. Rats were assigned to negative control (vehicle), positive control (metformin 45 mg/kg BW), and extract-treated groups (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg BW). Percentage reduction from GD2 to GD3 was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The extract produced a significant and dose-dependent decrease in fasting glucose (p < 0.001). All extract doses differed significantly from the negative control, and the 300 mg/kg dose demonstrated glucose-lowering efficacy comparable to metformin. These findings indicate that Scleria sumatrensis possesses vigorous antihyperglycemic activity consistent with its lipophilic phytochemical composition. Further studies are required to verify the underlying mechanisms and identify the most active constituents.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Lovic D, Piperidou A, Zografou I, Grassos H, Pittaras A, Manolis A. The growing epidemic of diabetes mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020;18:104–9.
Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022;183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Prevalence, Impact, and Efforts In Controlling Hypertension 2024.
Panjaitan RGP, Titin, Yuliana YGS, Khotimah S. Plants with Antidiabetic Efficacy among the Dayak Bidayuh Community, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2024;16:1342 – 1348. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2024.16.216.
Sari TAN, Nurfitriani D, Mutamimah R, Yudiyanto Y, Wakhidah AZ. The Diversity ff Medicinal Plants Used by the Local Community in Borneo, Indonesia: A Review. J Jamu Indones (Indonesia J Jamu) 2025;10:24–39.
Wiraswati HL, Pradini GW, Fauziah N, Laelalugina A, Arimdayu AR, Supandi S, et al. Biological potential of eight medicinal plants collected in the restored landscape after mining in South Kalimantan. Discov Appl Sci 2024;6:308.
Pareta DN, P RR, Tulandi SS, Kanter JW, Potalangi NO. Antibacterial Activity Test of Scleria sumatrensis Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus aureus in Vitro. Biofarmasetikal Trop (The Trop J Biopharm 2025;8:50–6. https://doi.org/10.55724/jbiofartrop.v8i1.506.
RANJAN S, Chaitali ROY, SINHA SK. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS): A comprehensive review of synergistic combinations and their applications in the past two decades. J Anal Sci Appl Biotechnol 2023;5:72–85.
Jerković I, Kuś PM, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA. Volatile organic compounds are artefacts derived from natural phytochemicals sourced from plants and honey. Phytochem Rev 2019;18:871–91.
Vagare RD, Mane SR, Bais SK. Review of phytochemical analysis of finished product by chromatographic techniques. Int J Pharm Herbal Technol 2025;3:2583–8962.
Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Phumthum M. Fundamental chemistry of essential oils and volatile organic compounds, methods of analysis and authentication. Plants 2022;11:789.
Tapehe CJA, Pareta DN, Tulandi SS, Potalangi NO. Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Daun Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides L.) Pada Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) Yang Diinduksi Aloksan. Biofarmasetikal Trop (The Trop J Biopharm 2022;5:148 54. https://doi.org/10.55724/jbt.v5i2.392.
Allen F, Pon A, Greiner R, Wishart D. Computational prediction of electron ionization mass spectra to assist in GC/MS compound identification. Anal Chem 2016;88:7689–97.
Sato D, Oda K, Kusunoki M, Nishina A, Takahashi K, Feng Z, et al. PPARγ activation alters fatty acid composition in adipose triglyceride, in addition to proliferation of small adipocytes, in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016;773:71 – 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.01.012.
Montoya-Arroyo A, Muñoz-González A, Lehnert K, Frick K, Schmid-Staiger U, Vetter W, et al. Monodopsis subterranea is a source of α-tocomonoenol, and its concentration, unlike that of α-tocopherol, is not affected by nitrogen depletion. Food Sci & Nutr 2024;12:1869–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3880.
P Costa J, Islam T, S Santos P, B Ferreira P, LS Oliveira G, VOB Alencar M, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of phytol using non-clinical and pre-clinical models. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2016;17:1278–84.
Stanetic D, Buchbauer G. Biological activity of some volatile diterpenoids. Curr Bioact Compd 2015;11:38–48.
Costa V, Costa M, Rebelo R, Arques F, Ferreira M, Gameiro P, et al. Phytyl Phenolipids: Structurally Modified Antioxidants with Superior Lipid Membrane Interaction. Molecules 2025;30:2193.
Islam MT, Ali ES, Mubarak MS. Anti-obesity effect of plant diterpenes and their derivatives: a review. Phyther Res 2020;34:1216–25.
Costea L, Chițescu CL, Boscencu R, Ghica M, Lupuliasa D, Mihai DP, et al. The polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity of five vegetal extracts with hepatoprotective potential. Plants 2022;11:1680.
Eguchi N, Vaziri ND, Dafoe DC, Ichii H. The role of oxidative stress in pancreatic $β$ cell dysfunction in diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:1509.
Choudhary D, Shekhawat JK, Kataria V. GC-MS analysis of bioactive phytochemicals in methanol extract of aerial part and callus of dipterygium glaucum decne. Pharmacogn J 2019;11.
Sunarwidhi AL, Rahmaniar W, Prasedya ES, Padmi H, Widyastuti S, Pangestu KWJ, et al. In Vitro Anti-Oxidant, In Vivo Anti-Hyperglycemic, and Untargeted Metabolomics-Aided-In Silico Screening of Macroalgae Lipophilic Extracts for Anti-Diabetes Mellitus and Anti-COVID-19 Potential Metabolites. Metabolites 2023;13:1177.
Yang Q, Vijayakumar A, Kahn BB. Metabolites as regulators of insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018;19:654–72.
Babu S, Jayaraman S. An update on $β$-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed & Pharmacother 2020;131:110702.
Jayaraman S, Roy A, Vengadassalapathy S, Sekar R, Veeraraghavan VP, Rajagopal P, et al. An overview of the therapeutic function of foods enriched with plant sterols in diabetes management. Antioxidants 2021;10:1903.
Unuofin JO, Lebelo SL. Antioxidant effects and mechanisms of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updated review. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020;2020:1356893.
Mihailović M, Dinić S, Arambašić Jovanović J, Uskoković A, Grdović N, Vidaković M. The influence of plant extracts and phytoconstituents on antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression in the prevention and treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetes complications. Antioxidants 2021;10:480.
Papuc C, Goran G V, Predescu CN, Tudoreanu L, Ștefan G. Plant polyphenols mechanisms of action on insulin resistance and against the loss of pancreatic beta cells. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021;62:325–52.
Feng S, Reuss L, Wang Y. Potential of natural products in the inhibition of adipogenesis through regulation of PPAR$γ$ expression and/or its transcriptional activity. Molecules 2016;21:1278.
Khalilpourfarshbafi M, Gholami K, Murugan DD, Abdul Sattar MZ, Abdullah NA. Differential effects of dietary flavonoids on adipogenesis. Eur J Nutr 2019;58:5–25.
Sindhu G, Priya P V, Reddy TUK, Lakshmi KMR, Apparao C, Raviteja M. Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Methanolic Extract of the whole Plant of Scleria Lithosperma 2022;10:18–23.
Karunasree CP, Prasad P, Jayashankar Reddy V, Madakka M. Cardioprotective Effect of textit{Scleria lithosperma} on Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats. Annu Res & Rev Biol 2015;8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2015/11369.
Singh P, Khosa RL, Mishra G, Jha KK. Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015;7:289–92.
Mohamed AI, Beseni BK, Msomi NZ, Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Aljoundi A, et al. The antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Cyperus rotundus (Linn.). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022;40:12075–87.
Abdella FIA, Toumi A, Boudriga S, Alanazi TYA, Alshamari AK, Alrashdi AA, et al. Anti-obesity and antidiabetic effects of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes, presenting protein tyrosine phosphatase, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, metabolic enzymes, stress-oxidant, and inflammation-inhibitory potential. Heliyon 2024;10.
Wani PA, Omobolanle LA, Hamid B, Fayokemi RA, Perveen K, Bukhari NA, et al. Evaluation of destruction of bacterial membrane structure associated with anti-quorum-sensing and antidiabetic activity of Cyperus esculentus extract. Heliyon 2024;10:e34128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34128.